Study Guide Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
any substance that must be provided to an organism
A
essential nutrient
2
Q
a heterotroph is..
A
dependent on other life forms
Must obtain its carbon in organic form
3
Q
the movement of water molecules from a higher density or concentration to a lower density or concentration
A
osmosis
4
Q
always present regardless of changes in concentration
A
constitutive enzymes
5
Q
concentration of external environment lower than internal environment
A
hypotonic
6
Q
a feature of active transport
A
requires energy
7
Q
an obligate aerobe requires..
A
oxygen
8
Q
an interrelationship between two free living organisms that benefits both but isn’t necessary for survival
A
synergism
9
Q
synthesis of cell molecules and structures
A
anabolism
10
Q
break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy
A
catabolism
11
Q
are enzymes used up during the reaction with the substrate ?
A
no
12
Q
is a substrate used up by the enzyme ?
A
yes
13
Q
which is not an enzyme?
A
lignin
14
Q
are endoenzymes transported extracellularly and break down harmful chemicals ?
A
no
15
Q
are virulence factors endoenzymes produced by pathogens ?
A
no
16
Q
which is present in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration ?
A
Krebs cycle
Electron transport system
Glycolysis
17
Q
in catabolism most of the energy is produced in the
A
electron transport system
18
Q
how many atp does a cell end up with during aerobic respiration ?
A
36-38
19
Q
how many atp does a cell end up with in anaerobic respiration ?
A
2-36
20
Q
how many atp are produced during fermentation ?
A
2
21
Q
in fermentation…
A
only glycolysis occurs
22
Q
oxygen is used in aerobic respiration during
A
electron transport system
23
Q
cell will catabolize energy sources in what order of preference ?
A
carbohydrate
fat
protein
24
Q
in eukaryotic cells, the genetic info is packaged into..
A
chromosomes
25
the sum of all types of genes constituting an organisms distinctive genetic makeup
genotype
26
the expression of the genetic information that creates certain structures or functions
phenotype
27
thymine always pairs with ..
adenine
28
cytosine always pairs with..
guanine
29
what is not found in dna ?
uracil
30
which is part of semi conservative replication of dna?
each daughter identical to parent
template strand is original parent
neither daughter
one new strand and one of parent strand
31
when DNA is used to synthesize RNA
transcription
32
when rna is used to produce proteins
translation
33
a series of triplet bases that hold message of the mRNA
codon
34
rna contains.. instead of thymine
uracil
35
destroys most microbial life and reduces contamination
disinfections
36
mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate surface to an inanimate surface
decontamination
37
prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and prevents infection
asepsis
38
denaturing refers to disruption of secondary and tertiary structure of what ?
proteins
39
is an autoclave like a large pressure cooker ?
yes
40
not a true statement concerning cold sterilization
using extreme cold to sterilize
41
can high level germicides kill endospores and be used as a sterilant?
yes
42
what is the main reason the widespread of triclosan is so bad ?
made germs resistant to antibiotics
43
must be known before starting antimicrobial therapy..
what causes infection
sensitivity to drugs
medical condition of patient
44
patient with bact. Infection, have a choice of four different antibiotics with different indexes, what index would you give ?
T1=77
45
medical reasons for considering patient history when choosing antibiotic..
preexisting conditions
allergy history
infant, elderly, pregnant
liver and kidney disease
46
which are components of viruses ?
capsid
spikes
envelope
nucleic acid
47
the genetic information in a virus is...
dna or rna
48
steps of viral replication
```
absorption
penetration
uncoating
synthesis
assembly
release from host cell
```
49
most well known prone diseases in a particular spongiform
mad cow disease
50
the most effective way medical community deals with a viral disease
vaccines
51
what type of cells can viruses infect?
```
bacteria
protozoa
fungi
plants
animals
all cells
```
52
Pasteur developed a vaccine for what
rabies
53
a virus is capable of doing this on its own..
nothing
54
viruses are referred to as being..
active and inactive
55
has the presence of helminths been linked to the increase of allergy and autoimmune diseases ?
no
56
parasitology is the study of ..
helminths
| parasitic Protozoa
57
is a Protozoan cyst the resting dormant stage of becoming unfavorable
no
58
do protozoans have tissues that form mouths?
no
59
a fungus that gains its nutrients as a saprobe would most likely be found on ..
bark of a living tree
60
microscopic fungi consists of..
mold
| yeast
61
are fungal spores different from endospores
No
62
which are not part of natures assembly line ?
ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
golgi apparatus
63
the cell wall of algae is made of..
cellulose
64
are eukaryotic flagella the same as bacterial flagella ?
no
65
bacteria and archaea cells are similar in that they both have..
nuclear material in cytoplasm
no organelles
evolved from common ancestor
66
scientific names of the three most common shapes of bacteria
coccus
spirillium
bascilli
67
common names of the three most common shapes of bacteria
spheres
rods
spirals
68
bacteria arranged in long chains are said to have a
strep arrangement
69
spider looking cartoon flagella wiggly legs are in what arrangement ?
peritrichous
70
bacterial sex is carried out when this structure joins two bacteria together..
pilus
71
gram negative bacteria have..
outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide
thin cell wall
inner membrane
72
if mr. mike had to choose between a gram positive and a gram negative septicemia he would pick which one ?
gram positive
73
bacterial endospores can resist
```
heating
freezing
drying
radiation
chemicals
```
74
while archaea are the most primitive of all living things they are able to gore in most extreme conditions . True or False
true
75
O2 is an example of a
molecule
76
salt dissolved in water .. the salt is the
solute
77
salt dissolved in water, the water is the
solvent
78
salt dissolved in water, both together is the
solution
79
something that is hydrophobic ...
dislikes water
80
a ph above what is basic
7
81
the macromolecules we concern ourselves with in microbiology are..
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
82
membrane lipids that make up cell membranes have a
polar head
| nopolar tail
83
the structure of a protein that refers to the complex folding of proteins
tertiary
84
Enzymes are carbohydrates that catalyze particular reaction. True or false
False
85
the energy molecule of a cell is
ATP
86
cholesterol is a part of
cell membranes
87
which are living microorganisms?
bacteria
algae
fungi
protozoa
88
bacteria are found
everywhere
89
as soon as humans learned of microorganisms we started using them for things like making bread cheese and wine. True or Flase
false
| used them before we knew they existed
90
decomposition of dead organic matter is accomplished by
bacteria
| fungi
91
our bodies fight helminths infections similar to the way they fight bacterial infection.
true or false
True
92
he was the first to utilize hand washing and misting operating rooms with antiseptic chemicals
Lister
93
a virus can infect another virus. True or False
False
| only living things
94
which are correct ways of typing a bacterias specific name
staphphylococcus arueas
| S. Aureus
95
A theory is a scientific fact. true or false
false
96
which might have pathogens as part of these members
bacteria
protozoa
helminths
fungi
viruses
97
regulator B cells role is to
brake pedal
keep immune reaction from going out of control
98
Is the elimination of small pox a example of hers immunity
Yes
99
cytotoxic T cells search out and kill
cancer cells and cells infected with viruses
100
dendritic cells role is to
present antigen to other cells
101
superantigens can cause extreme immune reaction true or false
True
102
B cells are made in bone marrow and fully mature there
| True or False
True
103
Found on cytotoxic T cells
Cd4
104
cells transform into plasma cells
| T cell or B cell
B cell
105
Responsible for cellular immune response
| T cell or B cell
T cell
106
Have helper cells and cytotoxic cells
| T cell or B cell
T cells
107
Produce antibodies
| T cell or B cell
B cells
108
Covered with receptors
| T cell or B cell
T cell
109
covered with immunoglobulin after activation
| T cell or B cell
B cells
110
Antigens...
proteins or polysaccharides
stimulate b and T cells
can be from our own cells
111
Fever is always bad
| True or False
False
112
Calor
Heat
113
Dolar
Pain
114
Rubor
Red
115
B cells and T cells are involved in
specific immunity
116
which does not pertain to the idea of selective toxicity ?
effectiveness against the pathogenic organism is the only concern
117
which mechanism of action would have least chance of harm a patients cells
inhibition of cell wall synthesis
118
was the main treatment for malaria for the most of history
quanine
119
the main modes of action of antiviral drugs include
barring penetration
blocking transcription and translation
preventing maturation of viral particles
120
first completely manmade synthetic antibiotic was
sulfa drugs
121
which is not a granulocyte
macrophages
122
where do T cell mature
Thymus
123
lymph nodes are not found in
Forearms
124
which does not apply to lymphatic fluid ?
transports red blood cells
125
lymphatic fluid flows towards
The heart
126
white blood cells are main cells of the immune system
| True or False
True
127
salt in sweat is important to fighting infection
| True or False
True
128
skin a good barrier
True
129
third line of defense includes
general in action
long term immunity
immune system
130
the first line of defense is enough to protect from infection
True or False
False
131
the first line of defense includes
barrier that blocks infection
general in action
132
objective evidence of disease noted by an observer
Sign
133
subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient
symptom
134
shelters a pathogen and spreads without knowing
Carrier
135
exotoxins are secreted from the cell and cause symptoms of bacterial infection
True or False
True
136
endotoxins are part of the bacteria cell membrane
True
137
Capable of causing disease in unhealthy people
Opportunistic pathogen
138
exogenous portal of entry
Outside the body
139
pathogen is a microbe that has a parasitic relationships with the host
True or false
True
140
A fetus or newborn is colonized with normal flora in..
uterus
bottle feeding
breast feeding
c section
birth from the flora of mother
141
benefit of normal flora is preventing overgrowth of harmful microorganisms
True or false
True
142
An organisms normal flora include
fungi
viruses
protozoa
bacteria
