Study Guide Chap 10-13 A&P

Question 1

Chemical substance released in one tissue & transported by bloodstream to regulate metabolic activity of other cells in body.

Answer 1

Hormone

Question 2

Master Gland - Gland releases hormones that control other Endocrine glands

Answer 2

Pituitary Gland

Question 3

Group of hormones that regulates activities of male & female sex organs (gonads) & the Anterior Pituitary Gland produces 2 gonadotropins: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

Answer 3

Gonadotropins

Question 4

Regulates Endocrine activity of cortex portion of Adrenal Gland

Answer 4

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH

Question 5

(Women) Stimulates follicle and egg development in ovaries and secretion of estrogen. (Men) Stimulates sperm production by the testes.

Answer 5

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Question 6

(Women) Triggers ovulation of egg from ovaries causing producing progesterone & estrogen. (Men) Stimulates testosterone production by testes.

Answer 6

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Question 7

Produced by Hypothalamus & stored in Posterior Pituitary until released.
ADH FUNCTION = Causes kidneys to reabsorb water from forming urine = Decreased urine volume & Increased blood volume.

Answer 7

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 8

Anterior Petuitary produces how many hormones?

Answer 8

7

Question 9

The Posterior Petuitary stores what 2 hormones?

Answer 9

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin Released during childbirth, Stimulates powerful contractions of uterine muscles during labor, sex, and breastfeeding.

Question 10

Produced by Outer Zone of Adrenal Cortex – Regulate Water & Electrolyte Balance

Answer 10

Mineralocorticoids:
• Aldosterone – Regulate mineral salt content of the blood = Na+ & K+ Ions.
Target kidney tubules.
• Increased Aldosterone = Increased Sodium & Potassium Ions into urine.
• When Sodium Reabsorbed, Water Follows
• Renin – Enzyme produced by kidneys that causes release of Aldosterone.

Question 11

Middle Layer - Promote normal cell metabolism & resist long-term stressors by Increasing Blood Glucose. Suppresses Inflammation.

Answer 11

Glucocorticoids:
• Cortisone – Suppresses immune system by reducing inflammation, pain & swelling @ injury site.
• Cortisol – Released in response to stress & low blood glucose

Question 12

Inner Zone – Produce male (Testosterone) & female sex hormones

Answer 12

Androgens

Question 13

Increases rate and force of cardiac contractions, blood pressure, blood glucose, and dilate small passageways of lungs

Answer 13

Catecholamine

Question 14

Released into bloodstream by Adrenal Medulla when stimulated by Sympathetic Nervous System & responsible for Fight or Flight response.

Answer 14

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Question 15

Secrete Insulin – Insulin released as Blood Glucose increases to sweep glucose out

Answer 15

Beta Cells

Question 16

Secrete Glucagon – Target Organ = Liver. Glucagon released when Blood Glucose is Low to stimulate glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, & fatty acid release

Answer 16

Alpha Cells

Question 17

Made by Thyroid Gland and is most important in childhood. Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones by stimulating Osteoblasts. (Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Antagonist)

Answer 17

Calcitonin

Question 18

Islets of Langerhans are endocrine glands found where?

Answer 18

Pancreatic Islets

Question 19

stimulates the Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroxine (T4), and then Triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.

Answer 19

• TSH

Question 20

Excessive urination to flush out the glucose and ketones.

Answer 20

Polyuria

Question 21

Excessive thirst resulting from water loss.

Answer 21

Polydipsia

Question 22

Hunger due to the inability to use glucose, & loss of fats/proteins from body.

Answer 22

Polyphagia

Question 23

• Hormone produced by the developing embryo and the fetal part of the placenta.
&
stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone, so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses.

Answer 23

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 24

Connective/Vascular Tissue - Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body: nutrients, hormones, wastes headed for elimination, and body heat.

Answer 24

Blood

Question 25

Made by the Liver, are the most abundant solutes in plasma. Albumin, clotting protiens and antibodies.

Answer 25

Plasma Proteins

Question 26

Important blood Buffer, acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, and contributes to osmotic pressure (Water) of the blood.

Answer 26

• Albumin

Question 27

Normal PH of the blood?

Answer 27

7.35-7.45

Question 28

is an iron-binding protein that transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.

Answer 28

Hemoglobin

Question 29

Determines the percentage of RBC’s in total blood volume Males 46% Females 42%

Answer 29

Hematocrit

Question 30

Substances, mostly protein, trigger an immune response & protects body from infection.

Answer 30

Antigens

Question 31

Found in membranes of all cells, are substances that your immune system recognizes as “normal” and ignores them.

Answer 31

Surface Antigens (Agglutinogens)

Question 32

Which Vitamin affects almost all aspects of clotting?

Answer 32

Vitamin K

Question 33

A thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma.

Answer 33

Buffy Coat • Contains Leukocytes (WBC’s) that act in various ways to protect the body. • Contains Platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding

Question 34

Granule-containing WBCs with lobed nuclei = Basophil, Eosinophil, & Neutrophils.

Answer 34

Granulocytes

Question 35

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules, and have nuclei that are closer to normal – spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped = Lymphocyte & Monocyte.

Answer 35

Agranulocytes

Question 36

RBC Life span?

Answer 36

120 Days, 700 miles

Question 37

3 Phases of Blood homeostatsis (clotting)

Answer 37

1. Vascular spasm- Vaso constriction 2. 2. Platelet Plug Formation – Injury to lining of vessel (endothelium) exposes collagen fibers, platelets become “sticky” and adhere to damaged site. Release chemical to attract more platelets that form a “platelet plug” or “white thrombus”. 3. Coagulation (Clotting) - Phase includes conversion of circulating “fibrinogen” into the insoluble protein “fibrin” called a “Cascade” = chain-reaction

Question 38

How long does it take blood to clot?

Answer 38

Occurs within 3-6 minutes, but starts within 15 seconds of injury

Question 39

When a thrombus (clot) breaks away from vessel and floats freely in bloodstream; harmless until it lodges in vessel (PE, Ischemic stroke, etc.)

Answer 39

Embolus

Question 40

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, where Rh-negative mother produces massive amounts of anti-Rh antibodies, which attack and hemolyze the RBCs of the Rh-positive fetus, producing a dangerous anemia.

Answer 40

Hemolysis

Question 41

Given to pregnant women who are Rh-negative and are carrying an Rh-positive baby. • Reacts with, and “covers up” the antigen sites on fetal cells, thus preventing the mother’s immune system from being stimulated to produce the antibodies.

Answer 41

RhoGAM (RhO Immune Globulin)-

Question 42

Efferent Vessels, carry blood AWAY from the Heart.

Answer 42

Arteries

Question 43

Afferent Vessels, return blood TO the heart

Answer 43

Veins

Question 44

2 Layers of the Pericardium

Answer 44

1. Fiberous Pericardium | 2. Serous Pericardium

Question 45

2 Layers of the Serous Pericardium

Answer 45

1. Parietal Pericardium | 2. Visceral Pericardium

Question 46

Space between the Parietal & Visceral layers of the Serous Pericardium that contains a small quantity of pericardial fluid that is secreted by the pericardial membranes.

Answer 46

Pericardial Cavity

Question 47

Backward flow of blood due to a valve that doesn’t close tightly = Incompetent Valve

Answer 47

Regurgitation

Question 48

Occurs when a stiff or narrowed valve causes Turbulent (Chaotic) blood flow.

Answer 48

Stenosis

Question 49

2 Branches of R coronary artery

Answer 49

Marginal Branch | Posterior Descending branch

Question 50

2 branches of the L coronary artery

Answer 50

Left anterior descending | Left circumflex

Question 51

Irregularities in the hearts electrical activity, some of which can be immediately fatal. Example: V-Tach, V-Fib


Answer 51

Dysrhythmia

Question 52

Amount of blood pumped out by each Ventricle in 1 minute.

Answer 52

Cardiac Output (CO)

Question 53

Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (mLs/sec)

Answer 53

Cardiac Output

Question 54

Volume of blood pumped out of one Ventricle with each heartbeat.

Answer 54

Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 55

Heart Orientation

Answer 55

* Apex is directed toward Left Hip, rests on Diaphragm at 5th intercostal space. * Base points toward the Right Shoulder, Lies beneath the 2nd Rib. * Sits at an angle to the Longitudinal Axis of the body * Rotated slightly toward the left = Anterior surface consists of Right Atrium/ Right Ventricle.

Question 56

- Innermost layer of a blood vessel. It includes the endothelial lining of the vessel and an underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers. 


Answer 56

Tunica Interna

Question 57

Middle layer. It contains smooth muscle tissue in a framework of collagen and elastic fibers. These smooth muscles change the diameter of the vessel when they contract (decreases) and relax (increases). 


Answer 57

Tunica Media

Question 58

Forms a sheath of connective tissue around the vessel. The collagen fibers of this layer may intertwine with adjacent tissues to stabilize and anchor the vessel.

Answer 58

Tunica Externa

Question 59

The difference between Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

Answer 59

Pulse Pressure

Question 60

Normal Pulse Pressure

Answer 60

40 mmHg

Question 61

Arteries that Supply the Large Intestine

Answer 61

Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Supplies 1st half of large intestine & majority of small intestine. Inferior Mesenteric Artery - Supplies the 2nd half of the large intestine.

Question 62

Veins that Return Blood to the Superior Vena Cava

Answer 62

Brachiocephalic Veins (Veins from Head & Arms) - Are the large veins, receiving drainage from subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins that drain into the superior vena cava