Study Guide Chapter 1/2 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What is the definition of psychology?
Scientific study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes
This definition emphasizes both observable actions and internal mental activities.
What is observer bias?
Errors made due to personal expectations
This bias can affect the interpretation of results in research.
What does standardization in research refer to?
Each subject must experience the test in the same ways
This ensures consistency across participants in an experiment.
What is an independent variable (IV)?
Factor that experimenter manipulates (changes)
The IV is what researchers change to observe effects on the dependent variable.
What is a dependent variable (DV)?
Observed factor
The DV is measured to see how it is affected by changes in the IV.
What is the basis of experimental methods?
Independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), control vs. experimental
Understanding these components is crucial for designing experiments.
What is random assignment?
Subjects have equal chance of being assigned to any group
This technique helps to eliminate biases in experimental groups.
What is a confounding variable?
Additional factor introduced that affects behavior
This can lead to erroneous conclusions about the relationship between IV and DV.
What is the placebo effect?
Change in absence of experimental manipulation
Participants may experience effects simply because they believe they are receiving treatment.
What is an operational definition?
Standardized meaning by rigidly defining variables
This allows for clarity and consistency in measurement.
What is a hypothesis?
Testable explanation of relation between events
Hypotheses guide research by predicting outcomes.
What is the expectancy effect?
When expectations influence outcomes
Researchers’ or participants’ expectations can skew results.
What is a control condition/group?
Group that is not exposed to treatment
This group serves as a baseline to compare against the experimental group.
What are the types of correlations?
Positive, negative, zero (no correlation)
Positive correlation implies both variables increase together, while negative means one decreases as the other increases.
What does reliability refer to in research?
Consistency of measure
Reliable measures yield the same results under consistent conditions.
What does validity refer to in research?
Extent that test measures what it intends to
Valid tests accurately assess the intended concept or variable.
What are the types of studies (measures)?
Experiment, self-report, naturalistic observation, case study
Each type has its strengths and weaknesses in psychological research.
What is debriefing in research?
Must give full explanation of experiment at the end
This ensures ethical standards and understanding of the study’s purpose.
What is informed consent?
Inform about risks and benefits
Participants must understand what they are agreeing to before joining a study.
What is risk/gain assessment?
Must minimize risk and be weighed by review board
This process evaluates the ethical implications of research proposals.
What is intentional deception in research?
Permissible as long as high benefit and low risk
Deception must be justified ethically in psychological research.
