Study Guide: Know that...

Question 1

the primary motor cortex is ___ organized : ___

Answer 1

somatotopically; homunculus

Question 2

___ only receive unilateral contralateral innervation

Answer 2

muscles of the limbs

Question 3

most muscles of the head and neck, with a few exceptions, receive ___ innervation

Answer 3

bilateral

Question 4

apraxia is an impairment of ___

Answer 4

motor planning

Question 5

the ___, in general, is responsible for motor planning

Answer 5

frontal lobe

Question 6

the ___ and ___ tracts make up the pyramidal system; it is responsible for ___

Answer 6

corticospinal / corticobulbar; the execution of voluntary movements

Question 7

the corticobulbar tract innervates ___

Answer 7

all the muscles of the head and neck

Question 8

the extrapyramidal system helps to ___

Answer 8

regulate reflexes and maintain posture and tone

Question 9

damage to the extrapyramidal system results in ___ and ___

Answer 9

hyperreflexia and spasticity

Question 10

___ do NOT directly synapse on the lower motor neurons (LMNs)

Answer 10

control circuits

Question 11

tremor, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, and myoclonus are all types of ___

Answer 11

dyskinesias

Question 12

true or false: the cerebellum has lobes

Answer 12

true

Question 13

the cerebellum has more ___ than ___ pathways

Answer 13

afferent; efferent

Question 14

the main function of the cerebellum is ___ and ___

Answer 14

coordination of different muscle groups and balance

Question 15

motor speech disorders (MSDs) tend to be closely associated with ___

Answer 15

damage to specific regions / systems within the nervous system

Question 16

what is the origin of the current classification system for motor speech disorders (MSDs)?

Answer 16

mayo clinic in the late 60s

Question 17

in the DIVA model, production of speech sounds starts via activation of cells in the speech sound map believe to be located in ___

Answer 17

the left ventral (inferior) premotor cortex and broca’s area

Question 18

in the DIVA model, triggering-initiation of activated speech sounds occurs in ___

Answer 18

the initiation map in the SMA

Question 19

in the DIVA model, motor commands describing the details of jaw height, tongue tip position, lip protrusion, etc. occurs in ___

Answer 19

the articulatory velocity and position map in the ventral motor cortex (primary motor cortex)

Question 20

in the DIVA model, the two general components include ___ and ___

Answer 20

a feedforward and feedback control subsystem

Question 21

in the DIVA model, the feedback subsystem compares an efferent copy to the ___ in order to ___

Answer 21

current auditory and somatosensory state; make any necessary adjustments

Question 22

flaccid dysarthria is due to ___ damage

Answer 22

lower motor neuron (LMN)

Question 23

the primary neuromuscular characteristic underlying flaccid dysarthria is ___

Answer 23

weakness

Question 24

impairments in which subsystems is seen in flaccid dysarthria? (4)

Answer 24

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation

Question 25

___ usually results in a mild flaccid dysarthria

Answer 25

unilateral lower motor neuron damage

Question 26

unilateral lower face weakness can be a sign of ___

Answer 26

unilateral upper motor neuron damage

Question 27

spastic dysarthria is due to ___ damage

Answer 27

bilateral upper motor neuron (B) (UMN)

Question 28

the neuromuscular characteristics underlying spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___

Answer 28

spasticity and weakness

Question 29

what is the main difference between UUMN dysarthria and spastic dysarthria?

Answer 29

UUMN dysarthria has much milder speech symptoms and is due to unilateral upper motor neuron damage

Question 30

motor impairments after an internal capsule lesion can be significant because ___

Answer 30

descending fibers are closely packed at this level

Question 31

spasticity results from damage to ___

Answer 31

the indirect activation pathways that travel alongside the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

Question 32

the confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria are ___ (4)

Answer 32

spasticity, hyperreflexia, pathological oral reflexes, emotional lability (change)

Question 33

true or false: all speech subsystems tend to be involved in spastic dysarthria

Answer 33

true

Question 34

in left hemisphere lesions, ___ may mask the presence of a UUMN dysarthria

Answer 34

an aphasia or apraxia of speech

Question 35

the confirmatory non speech symptoms of spastic dysarthria are ___ (2)

Answer 35

unilateral lower facial weakness, unilateral tongue weakness

Question 36

the distinctive characteristics of spastic dysarthria are ___ and ___

Answer 36

slowness of speech and strained-harsh vocal quality

Question 37

the characteristic speech signs of UUMN dysarthria are ___ and ___

Answer 37

mildness of deficits and articulation imprecision

Question 38

ataxic dysarthria is due to ___

Answer 38

damage to the cerebellum and / or cerebellar control circuits

Question 39

speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are primarily due to ___

Answer 39

impaired coordination

Question 40

true or false: individuals with ataxic dysarthria may have a normal oral motor exam

Answer 40

true

Question 41

the key speech characteristics in ataxic dysarthria are ___ (2)

Answer 41

irregular articulatory and prosodic errors

Question 42

hypokinetic dysarthria is due to ___

Answer 42

damage to the basal ganglia and / or basal ganglia control circuits

Question 43

damage to the basal ganglia generally results in either ___ or ___

Answer 43

a reduction of movement or dyskinesias

Question 44

the most common cause of hypo kinetic dysarthria is ___

Answer 44

parkinson's disease

Question 45

parkinson's disease is the result of ___

Answer 45

degeneration of the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra

Question 46

parkinson's disease is characterized by ___ (4)

Answer 46

rigidity, reduced range of motion, difficulty initiating movements, resting tremors

Question 47

the non speech signs of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (3)

Answer 47

expressionless face, lip-tongue-jaw tremors at rest, and normal strength

Question 48

speech characteristics of hypo kinetic dysarthria are ___ (4)

Answer 48

hypophonia, reduced loudness, monoloudness, fast speech rate tendencies

Question 49

hyperkinetic dysarthria is due to ___

Answer 49

damage to the basal ganglia

Question 50

___ underlie the speech impairments in hyperkinetic dysarthria

Answer 50

hyperkinesias

Question 51

dyskinesias can usually be classified as ___ or ___

Answer 51

fast or slow

Question 52

describe the oral motor exam of a hyperkinetic dysarthria

Answer 52

usually normal except for the presence of involuntary movements

Question 53

although tremors can affect all muscles of speech production, it mostly affects ___

Answer 53

the voice

Question 54

huntington's disease is characterized by ___

Answer 54

quick, choreic movements

Question 55

the speech characteristics of individuals with huntington's disease are ___ (3)

Answer 55

sudden voice arrests with an intermittent strained quality, irregular articulatory breakdown, prosodic abnormalities (aprosodia)

Question 56

___ movements are slow and sustained and can affect any of the speech subsystems

Answer 56

dystonic

Question 57

which dysarthrias are due to laryngeal dystonia? (2)

Answer 57

adductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent strained vocal quality) and abductor spasmodic dysphonia (intermittent breathiness)