Study guide part 2 (Vocab) Flashcards
1
Q
is a very large molecule consisting of repeated linked units
A
macromolecules
2
Q
the building blocks of a polymer
A
monomers
3
Q
storage of glucose in plants; storage of glucose in animals
A
starch; glucose
4
Q
monomer is amino acids
A
proteins
5
Q
monomer is a nucleotide
A
Nucleic acids
6
Q
Monomer is composed of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
A
lipids
7
Q
monomer is a monosaccharide
A
carbohydrate
8
Q
Function is stored energy; insulation; Examples: phospholipids, and cholesterol.
A
lipids
9
Q
Function is quick energy; Examples: glucose, ribose, sucrose, and cellulose.
A
carbohydrates
10
Q
Function is protection, movement, catalyst; Examples: lactase.
A
Proteins
11
Q
Function is pass on inheritable traits; Examples: DNA, RNA
A
amino acids
12
Q
Are cells that contain a true nucleus
A
eukaryotic
13
Q
Are cells that do not contain a nucleus
A
prokaryotic
14
Q
List three reasons viruses are considered non-living
A
not made of cells; no cell membrane; doesn’t move.
15
Q
List the two parts of a virus.
A
Nucleic acids, and capsid.
16
Q
control center of a eukaryotic cell
A
nucleus
17
Q
fluid surrounding the organelles in all cells (cell gel)
A
cytoplasm
18
Q
sites where proteins are assmebled
A
ribosomes
19
Q
Produces ATP energy from the chemical fuel of glusose
A
glycolysis
20
Q
Site of photosynthesis; converts energy from the sun to glucose
A
chloroplasts
21
Q
Boundary found in all cells; determines what can enter and leave
A
cell membrane
22
Q
The cell membrane allows certain substances to pass in and out because it is
A
semipermeable
23
Q
a type of transport across the membrane that requires no energy
A
passive
24
Q
a type of transport across the membrane that requires energy
A
active
25
what would happen if a freshwater fish is placed in saltwater
hypertonic
26
the main component of the cell membrane
lipids
27
name the two parts of a lipid
glycerol and fatty acids
28
random movement molecules; w/ gradient
simple diffusion; passive transport
29
large molecules move in and out of the cell with the help of proteins
facilitated diffusion; passive transport
30
movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis; active transport
31
transport in which a cell expels substances
exocytosis; active transport
32
transport where substances are brought into the cell by c. m. folding in
endocytosis; active transport
33
concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell
Isotonic
34
solutions have a lower solute concentration than the cell; cell may lysis
hypotonic
35
solute has a higher solute concentration than the cell; cell may crenate
hypertonic
36
protein that does not span the membrane; used for cell communication
peripheral protein
37
proteins that span the membrane; used for cell transport
transmembrane protein
38
found only in animal cell membranes; provide more stability
cholesterol
39
part of the cell membrane that serves as ID tags for the cell
carbohydrates
40
hydrophilic; polar
phosphate head
41
hydrophobic; nonpolar
lipid tail
42
biomolecule that serves as a catalyst in living things
enzyme protein
43
the substance that binds to an enzyme
substrate
44
the region where the enzyme and the substrate bind together
active site
45
list three things that can denature an enzyme
pH, temperature, and amount of substrate
46
enzymes work by lowering the (blank) required to start a chemical reaction
activation energy
47
list the components of ATP
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates
48
the molecule that provides useable energy to the cell
ATP
49
the energy stored in the molecule above is stored in the
bonds
50
equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 +6CO2
51
light-absorbing molecules are called
pigments
52
the 1st step of photosynthesis is called the
light dependant reaction
53
this reaction takes place in the (blank) of the (blank)
thylakoids; chloroplast
54
List the two main reactants and the waste product produced in this 1st step.
ATP; NADPH; O2
55
The 2nd step of photosynthesis is called
Calvin cycle/light-independent reaction
56
The reaction takes place in the (blank) of the chloroplast
stroma
57
List the main reactant and the product produced in the 2nd step
CO2; C6H12O6
58
equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
59
Name the energy pathway that is aerobic
cellular respiration
60
name the energy pathway that is anaerobic
fermentation
61
the 1st step in the breakdown of glucose
glycolysis
62
the process of glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm
63
list the end products of glycolysis
ATP; NADPH; Pyruvate
64
the next step in the breakdown of glucose is
krebs cycle
65
This process takes place in the (blank) of mitochondria
matrix
66
the waste product from this reaction is
CO2
67
what is made in this cycle that is transported to the electron transport chain
NADH; FADH
68
what is the last step in the breakdown of glucose
electron transport chain
69
this process takes place in the (blank) of the mitochondria
inner membrane
70
what has to be present at the end, what does it form
oxygen; water
71
which step of cellular respiration are the most ATP's made
electron transport chain
72
what is the range of total ATPs made in cellular respiration
34-38 ATP
73
name the two types of fermentation
alcoholic, and lactic acid
74
name the type that occurs in human muscle cells (and bacteria, etc.)
lactic acid
75
what are the two phases of cell division
Interphase; mitotic division
76
during which part of thus interphase does the cell's DNA make a copy of itself
S phase
77
the division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis
cytokinesis
78
asexual cell division in eukaryotes; division in the nucleus
mitosis
79
cells are limited in size due to the following 3 reasons
nutrients need to move in and out; wastes need to get in and out; DNA can only do so much for the cell
80
the process by which bacteria reproduce asexually
binary fission
81
sister chromatids are pulled apart; the spindle fibers shorten
anaphase
82
chromosomes are on opposite ends of the cell; spindles begin to break apart; nuclear env. reforms
telophase
83
Shortest phase in which chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
metaphase
84
Chromosomes become tick and visible, nucleolus disappear, nuclear env. breaks down
prophase
85
G1, S, and G2 are all phases of
Interphase
86
Threads that pull chromatids apart
spindle fibers
87
the organelle that contains genetic material/DNA
Nucleus
88
formed during DNA replication
DNA
89
uncondensed, spaghetti-like structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information
chromatin
90
monomers of DNA
nucleotides
91
list the three parts of nucleotides
phosphate; deoxyribose, base
92
the scientist did Xray diffraction of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
93
Scientists discovered the shape of the DNA molecule
James Watson and Francis Crick
94
The scientist that found the same proportions of adenine and thymine, cytosine, and guanine in a DNA molecule
Chargaff
95
Write the complementary DNA strand TATGCCGAA
ATACGGCTT
96
the process where DNA is copied
replication
97
the type of bond that holds DNA nucleotides together
hydrogen bonds
98
the enzyme used to break the bonds to unzip the DNA
helicase
99
strand of DNA that is continuously replicated
leading strand
100
strand of DNA that is replicated in fragments
lagging strand
101
these fragments get glued together by the enzyme
ligase
102
Add DNA nucleotides and proofreads the replicated DNA
DNA polymerase
103
Two exact copies of DNA are made
DNA replication
104
is single-stranded
RNA
105
is double-stranded
DNA
106
contains thymine
DNA
107
contains uracil
RNA
108
contains deoxyribose
DNA
109
contains ribose
RNA
110
leaves nucleus
RNA
111
stays in the nucleus
DNA
112
the process where part of the nucleotide sequence in DNA is copied into RNA
transcription
113
a tRNA carrying an amino acid binds to the A site
translation
114
takes place in the nucleus
transcription
115
adds RNA nucleotides
RNA polymerase
116
What are the 8 functions of proteins
speed up reactions; immune system; storage; transport; hormones; receptors; movement; structure
117
a change in shape leads to a change in
function
