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ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection > Study Guide pt 2 (ch 6 - 9) > Flashcards

Study Guide pt 2 (ch 6 - 9) Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

what is soil?

A

a living system; a medium for plant growth

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2
Q

El Nino

A

increase in wind convection; upwelling does not take place

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3
Q

why are tropical soils nutrient poor?

A

rain washes out nutrients; all nutrients exist in the organic material (plants/animals)

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4
Q

eutrophication

A

too many nutrients in a body of water; in oceans, can lead to red tide

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5
Q

clear-cutting

A

all trees in the area are cut; largest ecological impact

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6
Q

watershed

A

an area of land that drains into a specific water body

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7
Q

group-tree selection

A

small patches of trees are cut

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8
Q

what are the four pillars of food security

A

availability, access, utilization, stability

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9
Q

forest ecosystem services

A

soil stabilization, flood prevention, water purification, carbon sink, oxygen source, recreation

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10
Q

shelterwood

A

some trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings as they grow

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11
Q

forest subcanopy

A

middle and lower portions of trees

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12
Q

stunting malnutriton

A

a person is too short for their age

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13
Q

staple food crop

A

main source of dietary energy in the human diet (rice, wheat, potatoes)

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14
Q

desertification

A

fertile land becomes desert

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15
Q

how is climate change impacting oceans?

A

warmer water, less dissolved oxygen, more acidic

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16
Q

marine reserves

A

areas where fishing is prohibited; no human interference

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17
Q

river ecosystem services

A

drinking water, irrigation, transportation

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18
Q

effects of overharvest fish

A

depleted marine populations; populations at 10% of former levels; bottom trawling has similar effects of clear-cutting or strip mining

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19
Q

what is soil texture?

A

the soil quality based on proportions of soil particles

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20
Q

swidden agriculture

A

farm for 1-2 years, then move on

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21
Q

intercropping

A

growing multiple crops in close proximity; improves nutrient cycling

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22
Q

food desert

A

geographical area where residents have few to no convenient options for securing affordable and healthy foods

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23
Q

food stability

A

when a population, household, or individual has access to food at all times

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24
Q

E horizon

A

minerals, organics are leached out

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25
agricultural revolution
transition from hunter-gather to stable living
26
when did agriculture begin?
10,000 years ago
27
B horizon
clay, humus
28
non-consumptive use
does not remove, or only temporarily removes, water
29
O horizon
fresh organic matter
30
aquifer
porous spongelike formations of rock, sand, or gravel that hold water
31
R horizon
bedrock
32
wasting malnutrition
a person too thin for their height
33
consumptive use
when water is removed from an aquifer permanently
34
non-point source pollution
sources of pollution arising from multiple inputs over large area
35
subsistence agriculture
families produce only enough food for themselves
36
maximum sustainable yield
maximum amount of resource extraction without depleting the resource
37
surface water
water located Earth's surface
38
biomagnification
chemicals transfer from lower to higher trophic levels
39
food access
food from local, national, and global markets
40
Norman Borlaug
founder of the Green Revolution; increased wheat and maize yields worldwide
41
obesity
a person who is overweight
42
C horizon
weathered parent material
43
primary forest
natural forest uncut by people
44
thermohaline circulation
an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water based on temperature and density (salinity)
45
primary wastewater treatment
physically removes large contaminants
46
humus
spongy material formed by partial decomposition of organic matter; holds moisture
47
point source pollution
discrete locations of water pollution
48
seed bank
institution that preserves seed types for genetic diversity
49
salt marsh
occur along coasts at temperate latitudes
50
impacts of the green revolution
pollution, loss of topsoil, use of monoculture
51
bioaccumulation
gradual buildup over time
52
malnutrition
inefficient supply or incorrect absorption of essential nutrients
53
what are genetically modified organisms?
crops that are biologically altered to become more resistant or productive
54
marine protected areas
long-term conservation; still allows fishing; not properly managed
55
upwelling
the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface
56
littoral zone
the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore
57
physical/chemical water quality monitoring
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, turbidity, and nutrient content
58
edge effect
the different conditions along the boundaries of an ecosystem; amplified by habitat fragmentation
59
plantation forestry
fast-growing, single-species monocultures
60
salinization
salt buildup in dryland areas
61
food availability
produce sufficient food to feed all the world's inhabitants
62
zooxanthe
single-celled algae that has a symbiotic relationship with coral
63
wetland ecosystem services
valuable for wildlife; slow runoff, flooding; recharge aquifers; filter pollutants
64
dead zone
an area in a body of water with little to no dissolved oxygen
65
food utilization
translates the food available to a household into nutritional security
66
A horizon
topsoil, organics, minerals, humus
67
polyculture
different crops planted in one field
68
pelagic zone
open water above the ocean floor
69
downwelling
process in which oxygen-rich water sinks where surface currents come together
70
cation exchange
a process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles
71
crop rotation
planned sequences of crops over time on the same field; improves soil nutrient levels
72
water reservoirs
lakes, atmosphere, oceans, glaciers
73
erosion
removal of material from one place to another by wind or water
74
conservation concession
organizations buy rights to forests to keep them intact
75
deep zone
level of the ocean in which no light penetrates; no photosynthesis
76
water fluxes
precipitation, runoff, evaporation and transpiration
77
forest understory
shrubs, small trees, and plants on the forest floor
78
secondary wastewater treatment
water is stirred and aerated
79
seed-tree
a few seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the logged area
80
no-till
limits compaction; protects soil organisms
81
desalination
a process of removing salt from ocean water
82
soil profile
vertical section of soil that depicts all its horizons
83
photic zone
sunlight region near the surface of the water; photosynthesis takes place here
84
biological water quality monitoring
fish and macroinvertibrates
85
single-tree selection
widely spaced trees are cut
86
mangrove
salt-tolerant trees along shorelines
87
monoculture
uniform planting of a single crop
88
forest canopy
upper levels of trees and branches in the treetop
89
foresters
professional managers who must balance needs
90
waterlogging
overirrigation saturates soils; can drown plants
91
secondary forest
forest that has grown back after primary forest was cut
92
estuary
the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean
93
why is crop diversity important?
provides insurance against failure
94
groundwater
water held underground in the soil or in pores and crevices in rock
95
green revolution
use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and machinery

ESWS155 - Elements of Environmental Protection (3 decks)

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