Study Guide Qs

Question 1

Which is correct regarding AG toxicity?

Answer 1

Horses increase creatinine from 0.8 - 1.5 over 5 days and this indicates nephropathy

Question 2

Which is true of Leptospirosis?

Answer 2

Treament: penicillin, ceftiofur

Also: ampicillin, doxycycline

Question 3

Clinical findings of an animal with a urinary rupture include what?

Answer 3

Hyponatremia
Hypochloremia
Hyperkalemia
Peritoneal Cr > 2 x serum Cr

Question 4

What clinical findings are consistent with a horse with CKD?

Answer 4

Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hyponatremia

Question 5

What is the management for CKD in horses?

Answer 5

NAHCO3 supplementation if patients gets metabolic acidosis

Question 6

Poor athletic performance in horse with CKD may be due to

Answer 6

Anemia- decreased EPO, decreased RBC survival time

Question 7

Which is true of suckling foals?

Answer 7

USG = 1.005

Question 8

Which species normally has cloudy urine?

Answer 8

Horses

Question 9

A horse with bright red urine at the end or urination and no systemic signs probably has

Answer 9

Urethral tear

Question 10

Horse is isosthenuric after water deprivation test and SG is 1.020 after vasopressin concentration test. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 10

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

Question 11

Which of the following causes the most damage to the medulla?

Answer 11

Phenylbutazone

Question 12

What is the most common cause of urolithiasis in horses?

Answer 12

Calcium carbonate

Question 13

What is the most common site of urinary calculi obstruction in small ruminants?

Answer 13

Urethral process

Question 14

What os a good way to collect urine from a steer?

Answer 14

brush prepuce with wet brush to stimulate urination

Question 15

What is the best treatment for urolithiasis in a breeding steer?

Answer 15

Tube cystotomy

Question 16

What happens with oak toxicity?

Answer 16

AKI and diarrhea

Question 17

Alkaline urine in large animals consistently causes what to be falsely increased?

Answer 17

Protein

Question 18

Which of the following is indicative of pre-renal azotemia?

Answer 18

FC (Na) < 0.25%

Question 19

List in order of least invasive to most invasive

Answer 19

Catheter removal

Urohydropropulsion

Lithotripsy

Surgery

Question 20

What is the treatment for FIC?

Answer 20

MEMO (litterboxes, food, water)

NOT NSAIDs, analgesics, steroids

Question 21

What is true of FIC?

Answer 21

Often resolves within a week

Question 22

What is true regarding treatment for urolithiasis?

Answer 22

Lubrication and catheter with concurrent rectal palpation

Question 23

Which is not a cause of macroscopic hematuria?

Answer 23

Glomerulonephritis

Question 24

Which is not a cause of microscopic hematuria?

Answer 24

Doxorubicin toxicity

Question 25

Female spayed dog presents with incompetence at rest, previously house-broken. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 25

Urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence

Question 26

What is the treatment for urethral sphincter incompetence?

Answer 26

Diethylstilbestrol

Question 27

What is the treatment for detrusor atony?

Answer 27

Indwelling urinary catheter and bethanecol Make sure there isn't an obstruction prior to use

Question 28

Cat with stranguira, had indwelling urinary catheter, when catheter is removed each time, cat is painful but otherwise seems normal. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 28

Urethrospasm

Question 29

What is the treatment for urethrospasm?

Answer 29

Phenoxybenzamine

Question 30

A spinal lesion in T12-13 and possible disc rupture may cause

Answer 30

Large, firm bladder (upper motor neuron)

Question 31

HBC fractured pelvis and lumbosacral trauma may cause

Answer 31

Large, flaccid bladder (lower motor neuron)

Question 32

How can you differentiate AKI from CKD?

Answer 32

Large smooth kidneys, hyperphosphatemia, decreased urine output, moderate to severe azotemia

Question 33

Which factor can be used to differentiate the following crystals?

Answer 33

Inhibitory or competing ions (struvite > CaOx) --- CaOx > struvite No idea what this means

Question 34

Which medication can be used for oliguric patient, what kind of medication is it, and what effect does it have on creatine?

Answer 34

Mannitol Osmotic diuretic No significant change

Question 35

What is correct about contrast radiographs?

Answer 35

Contrast radiographs are more sensitive for soft tissue masses than regular radiographs

Question 36

What is correct about free catch?

Answer 36

Free catch is good for initial analysis of u/a with apparent hematuria

Question 37

Calculate the total fluid replacements of 12hr period in 12 kg dog that is 10% dehydrated. Anorexia and vomiting (4 x in 12 hours - 30mL each). Urine output is double normal.

Answer 37

Calculate ~195-225 ml/hr

Question 38

Red-tinged urine is spun down and is still discolored. Serum is discolored. What is the likely cause?

Answer 38

IMHA (hemoglobinuria)

Question 39

What characteristics makes creatinine more specific than BUN?

Answer 39

Creatinine is proportional to muscle mass which is relatively constant day-to-day

Question 40

What is true regarding hematuria?

Answer 40

RBCs will settle out with true hematuria

Question 41

Which of the following indicates glomerular damage over tubular damage?

Answer 41

Proteinuria

Question 42

An animal with a thickened urethra on palpation. Next diagnostic step that would help?

Answer 42

Vaginourethrogram

Question 43

Which is true regarding stone formation?

Answer 43

Aggregation and retention in bladder are important in formation

Question 44

What is true of crystalluria?

Answer 44

Does not indicate uroliths or pathology Crystal form at body temperature and dissolve at room temperature

Question 45

What is the goal in converting oliguria to nonoliguria?

Answer 45

Prevent life-threatening metabolic imbalances

Question 46

Which is a reason for failed treatment of UTI?

Answer 46

Poor owner compliance, wrong drug/dose, prostatitis, ectopic ureters

Question 47

Which clinical finding is uncommonly associated with bacterial cystitis?

Answer 47

Leukocytosis on CBC

Question 48

What is true of dialysis?

Answer 48

Resolves hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, azotemia, acidemia, fluid overload

Question 49

Patient presents painful in caudal abdomen with frequent urination, hematuria. What is the likely diagnosis?

Answer 49

Bacterial cystitis

Question 50

Intact male presents with hematuria, stranguira, pollakiuria. Otherwise seems normal. Which part of the urinary tract is affected?

Answer 50

Prostate

Question 51

Cat presents with hematuria throughout urine stream, non-painful, no systemic signs, no stranguria or pollakiuria. Which part of the urinary tract is affected?

Answer 51

Kidney

Question 52

Which is not palpable on normal rectal exam?

Answer 52

Sublumbar LN

Question 53

Which is true of casts?

Answer 53

RBC casts are indicative of glomerulonephritis

Question 54

Which is not true of AKI?

Answer 54

IV fluids, give fluids 50% > than urine excreted

Question 55

Which is true of AKI?

Answer 55

Urine volume can be increased, normal, or decreased

Question 56

Which is not a clinical sign associated with lower UTD?

Answer 56

Polyuria

Question 57

Given azotemic or isosthenuric patient

Answer 57

Need further information to evaluate

Question 58

Reasons for anemia

Answer 58

EPO deficiency EPO resistance Increased blood loss Decreased RBC survival

Question 59

Which is true regarding treatment of anemia?

Answer 59

EPO needs to be given with iron to prevent iron deficiency anemia

Question 60

Amlodipine (Ca channel blocker) is first choice in hypertensive cat without proteinuria

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Enalapril (ACE inhibitor) given to cats with proteinuria is shown to inc survival time?

Answer 61

Yep

Question 62

Which can be associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria?

Answer 62

Diabetes mellitus

Question 63

Which is true of phosphate binders?

Answer 63

Aluminum hydroxide is a potent phosphate binder and commonly used in veterinary medicine