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Spinal anatomy Palmer P > Study Guide question and Answer > Flashcards

Study Guide question and Answer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblast - form bone; Osteocyte - Maintain or nurture bone; Osteoclast - remodel bone

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3
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chrondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type 1

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6
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

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8
Q

What is Wolff’s Lay as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

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9
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability of heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age

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10
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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11
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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13
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the skull

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14
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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15
Q

What is the timing of the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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16
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

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17
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

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18
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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19
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on one density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

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20
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

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21
Q

What is name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

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22
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

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23
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

sexual dimorphsm (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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24
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

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25
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation
geographic variation or population based variation
26
Differences in the number or morthology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
idiosyncratic variation
27
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones.
28
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?
long bones, short bones and sesamoid bones
29
What is the characteristic feature of a long one?
it is longer than it is across ( length greater than breadth)
30
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
31
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
32
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
33
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
34
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
35
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?
flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
36
What are flat bones?
a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
37
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
38
What is characteristic of irregular bone
numerous projections or irregular outlines
39
What are examples of irregular bone?
the vertebrae and innominate bone
40
What is characteristic of pneumatic bone
air spaces within the bone
41
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal
42
What bone contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid
43
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy?
accessory and heterotopic bone
44
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
45
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
46
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
47
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
48
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways & facets
49
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
50
What are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded and sharp
51
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
the line, ridge and crest
52
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
53
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
54
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
55
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
56
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
57
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
58
What is the definition of an osseous
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
59
what is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
60
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
61
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
62
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
63
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
64
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
65
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
66
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
67
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
68
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
69
what are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
70
What is the neurocranium?
the bones that support or protect the brain
71
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
72
Waht bones for the neurocranium of the typical adult skull
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
73
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
74
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and Zygomatic
75
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid
1 bone
76
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
77
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
78
What is the number number of bones forming the typical adults spine?
24 bones
79
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
80
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
81
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adolescent?
33 segments
82
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
26 segments
83
What constitutes the spine
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
84
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
85
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
86
What does the term "cervical" refer to?
the region of the neck
87
What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?
7 segments
88
What does the term "thoracic" refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
89
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
90
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
91
What does the term "lumbar" refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
92
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
93
What does the term "sacrum" refer to ?
the holy bone or holy region
94
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
a cuckoo birds' bill or cuckoo birds' beak
95
Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
the cervical region
96
What is the length of the typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
97
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
98
What is the difference in length between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 inches
99
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
100
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
101
What is the length of the male lumbar region ( both measurements)?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
102
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
103
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the males spine (both measurements)?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
104
how does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments
105
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
106
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
107
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
108
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
109
Distinguish between motion and locomotion.
motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location.
110
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of human frame
Comparative anterior Vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
111
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
the peripheral nerve communicates with the central nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
112
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
113
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
114
When does the embryonic disc form
second week in utero
115
When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
third week in utero
116
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
117
invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure
paraxial mesoderm
118
what does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?
somites
119
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome, myotome and dermatome
120
what part of the somite will gibe rise to the vertebral column
sclerotome
121
list, in order, the names of the succcessive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous.
122
Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what development feature
The perichordal blastema

Spinal anatomy Palmer P (7 decks)

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