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respiratory system > study guide: respiratory system > Flashcards

study guide: respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

which portion of the airway constitutes the nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

A

conducting portion

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2
Q

which of the following cells produce surfactant

A

type 2 pneumocytes

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3
Q

which are the phagocytic cells in the lungs

A

dust cells

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4
Q

what are the function of the nasal cavity

A

filtering the air

warming the air

humidifying the air

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5
Q

name the process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids

A

internal respiration

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6
Q

name the condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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7
Q

name the condition that takes place when there is low parital pressure of oxygen in tissues

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

gaseous exchange takes place through the respiratory membrane. What constitutes the membrane?

A

epithelial cells of the alveoli

endothelial cells of the adjacent capillaries

fused basement membranes of alveolar cells and endothelial cells

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9
Q

what is the volume of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle

A

tidal volume

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10
Q

when does the air moves out of the lungs?

A

when the pressure inside the lungs is greater then the pressure in the atmosphere

gaseous exchange takes place from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure

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11
Q

what are the cartilages of larynx

A

unpaired: thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis

paired: arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage

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12
Q

what is produced when air passes through the vocal cords of the glottis

A

phonation

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13
Q

what does the respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consist of

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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14
Q

what produces angiotensin converting enzyme

A

endothelial cells of the alveolar capillaries

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15
Q

which element is necessary for the transportation of oxygen as oxyhemoglobin

A

potassium

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16
Q

which of the laryngeal cartilage is NOT composed of hyaline cartilage

A

epiglottis is made up of elastic cartilage

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17
Q

if the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs

A

the air pressure inside the lungs decreases

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18
Q

which portion of the pharynx receives both air and food

A

oropharynx

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19
Q

what takes place when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract

A

the volume of the thoracic cavity increases

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20
Q

which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known

A

pulmonary ventilation

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21
Q

how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in deoxygenated blood

A

as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma

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22
Q

how is MOST of the oxygen transported by the blood

A

bound to hemoglobin

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23
Q

a patient has a respiratory rate of 12 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 600ml. The dead space is 150ml. What is the respiratory minute volume?

A

600 mL x 12
7200 mL

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24
Q

a patient has a respiratory rate of 10 breaths per minute and a tidal volume of 600 mL. The dead space volume is 150 mL. what is the alveolar ventilation?

A

600-150= 450mL
450x10= 4500mL

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25
characteristics for the production of sound
different sounds are produced by the difference in the tension on the vocal cords modification of sounds are made up by tongue, cheeks, teeth, lips, etc. amplification and resonance gives particular sound of the voice the pitch of the sound depends on the length, tension, and diameter of the vocal cords
26
characteristics of bronchi
both right and left bronchi divide to secondary bronchi right bronchus divides in to 3 secondary bronchi and left bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi right bronchus has wider diameter there is a decrease in the amount of cartilage in the successive bronchi bronchi have incomplete rings of cartilage
27
characteristics of bronchioles
bronchioles form terminal bronchioles walls of the bronchioles contain only smooth muscles bronchioles control the airflow in the lungs it is controlled by autonomic nervous system
28
the anatomy of the respiratory system
the epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing to ensure that food does not enter the trachea the trachea and bronchi are lined by ciliated epithelial cells the glottis contains 2 vocal cords which are controlled by skeletal and cartilage the nares are lined with hairs which filter out particulate matter from inhaled air
29
what does the respiratory mucosa consist of
epithelium and underlying layer of areolar tissue
30
why is the respiratory defense system important
helps to filter the air keeps out debris keeps out pathogens
31
how many cartilages are in the larynx
9
32
what is the order in which air passes through
primar bronchus secondary bronchus bronchioles terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar ducts alveoli
33
to which one secondary bronchi supply air
lobes of the lungs
34
why is the C shape of the tracheal cartilages important
large masses of food can move through the esophagus
35
which arteries supplu blood to the conducting portions of the respiratory tract
bronchial arteries
36
in which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration
from the tissues cells into the blood
37
why is alveolar ventilation more important than the respiratory minute volume
alveolar ventilation determines the rate of O2 delivery to alveoli
38
what are the actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs
repiratory membranes of the alveoli
39
the respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
40
which is the airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree
trachea
41
what is the value of residual volume of our lungs
1200 mL
42
which is a pair of ligaments covered by laryngeal epithelium that function in sound production
vocal folds
43
what will happen by increasing the alveolar ventilation rate
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli
44
name the process by which energy is produced in our body
respiration
45
what are the products of aerobic respiration
carbon dioxide water energy
46
what is the difference between external and internal respiration
external respiration is the gaseous exchange between the air (oxygen) in the lungs and (carbon dioxide) in the blood capillaries of the alveoli internal respiration is the exchange of carbon dioxide in the tissues and oxygen in the tissue fluids
47
where does gaseous exchange take place in our respiratory organs
alveoli
48
which hormone is responsible for the production of deep voice in males
testosterone
49
what is the function of capillaires beneath the epithelium of the conducting zone
warming the air humidifying the air
50
name the structure which controls the air flow in the lungs
bronchioles
51
what are the adaptation of alveoli for the exchange of gases
thin, moist wall is made up of single layer of cells provide a large surface area highly vascularized
52
what is the difference in the composition of blood in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium to circulate the whole body through aorta
53
what is the function of alveolar macrophages
macrophages in the lungs are dust cells which phagocytize the pathogens that enter the lungs
54
name the disease in premature babies due to the lack of surfacntants
respiratory distress syndrome
55
what is meant by tidal volume
the volume of air that moves in and out of lungs during each passive breathing is tidal volume ex. 500mL
56
define pulmonary ventilation
the volume of air breathed in per minute, is therefore 500 X 12 ex 6000mL
57
what is dead space volume
the volume of air present in the conducting system
58
name the process by which gaseous exchange take place in our lungs
diffusion
59
define alveolar ventilation
the rate at which new air reaches alveoli
60
what are the factors that affect the uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin
it depends on the partial pressure of the oxygen in the immediate environment, the partial pressure of CO2 temp and acidity
61
what is Bohr Effect
the displacement of oxygen from the oxyhemoglobin due to an increase in CO2 in the blood
62
what is the significance of Haldane effect
the displacement of oxygen from the oxyhemoglobin due to an increase in CO2 in the blood
63
what is the significance of Haldane effect
promoting transportation of CO2
64
what are the factors that increase the release of oxygen to the tissues
the release of oxygen to tissues is speeded up by an increase in temp, acidity, or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate
65
laryngitis
bacterial/ viral infection of the epiglottis affect the vocal cords
66
bronchitis
due to the inflammation and constriction of the bronchi and bronchioles thus increasing the resistance caused by smoking and air pollution
67
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
68
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs
69
asthma
an allergic response that impairs breathing allergy to pollen, some food, dandruff from dogs, cats, etc.
70
air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
71
the following is a list of some airways. what is the order in which air passes through them? 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
4. primary bronchus 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 7. terminal bronchiole 5. respiratory bronchiole 3. alveolar ducts 6. alveoli
72
which one of the following conditions does not decrease compliance
decreased resistance to airflow

respiratory system (13 decks)

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