Study Guide Test 1 9/12/2022 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Anatomy
The study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts
Physiology
The study of how living organisms carry out their vital functions
Chemical level
Atoms, the smallest/stable units of matter, combine to form molecules with complex shapes. Even at this simplest level, a molecule’s specialized shape determines its function. This is the chemical level of organization.
Cellular level
Different molecules can interact to form large structures. Each type of structure has a specific function in a cell. For example, different types of protein filaments interact to produce contractions of muscle cells in the heart. Cells, the smallest living units in the body, make up the cellular level of organization
Tissue level
A tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. Heart muscle cells from cardiac muscle tissue, an example of the tissue level of organization.
Organ level
An organ consists of two or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions. An example of the organ level of organization is the heart, a hollow, three-dimensional organ with walls composed of layers of cardiac muscles and other tissues.
Organ system level
Organs interact in organ systems. Each time it contracts, the heart pushes blood into a network of blood vessels. Together, blood, blood vessels, the heart form the cardiovascular system, an example of the organ system level of organization.
Organism level
All the organ systems of the body work together to maintain life and health. The highest level of organization is the organism -in this case, a human
epithetic tissue
covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers, produces glandular secretions.
muscle tissue
contracts to produce active movement
connective tissue
fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy
nervous tissue
propagates electrical impulses, carries information.
the integumentary system
protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperatures; provides sensory information. Hair, skin, nails
the skeletal system
provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals. examples, the skull.
the muscular system
provides movement; provides protection and support for other tissues; produces heat. example would be the tendons
The nervous system
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the system of other organ systems; provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions. example is the brain
the endocrine system
directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems. example, pancreas
the cardiovascular system
transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. example heart
the lymphatic system
defends against infections and disease, returns tissue fluids to bloodstream. example would be the spleen
the respiratory system
delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream; produces sound for communication. example would the lung
the digestive system
processes food and absorbs nutrients. example would be liver.
the urinary system
extricates waste products from the blood. controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced.
the male reproductive system
produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones
Homeostasis
refers to a stable internal environment. it is used to maintain the current internal environment. it is used by the brain.
