study, inclusion, identity

Question 1

levels of study

Answer 1

micro
-> individual psychology
-> fundamental attribution error

meso
-> group + social context: sociology

macro
-> embedded groups
-> organisation, community, culture

multi-level
-> multiple perspectives
-> look at all levels

Question 2

5 theoretical perspectives

Answer 2

1 motivation & emotion

2 behavioral

3 systems –> don’t need to learn

4 cognitive

5 biological

Question 3

science has limits

Answer 3

• generalizability
• small effect sizes understood as strong and rebust
• make mistakes
• fraud: major cases

Question 4

need to belong
- prisoners in solitary confinment

Answer 4

Prisoners in solitary confinement
castaways report
-> Extreme distress: insomnia, general confusion, memory lapses, fatigue, depression

Question 5

2 types of loneliness

Answer 5

emotional
- long-term, meaningful / intimate relationships

social
- cut-off from social groups

Question 6

herd instinct

Answer 6

why we have a need to belong
evo psych
- adaption?
- costs: share food, attention to predators, conflict
- pros: better hunting / protection / surveillance

Question 7

ostracism
- definition
- reaction
- stages

Answer 7

act of being excluded
triggers pain areas of the brain
- reactions: aggression / withdrawal / freezing
- tend and befriend: when threatened ->attention to social cues / increases motivation / prosocial orientation

• minimal signal
• reflexive stage
• reflective stage
• resignation stage –> depleted resources

Question 8

individualism vs. collectivism

Answer 8

individualistic
- personal attributes / traits / preferences

collectivism
- member of group / references to roles + relationships

marilynn brewer
- optimal distinctiveness theory

Question 9

social identity theory

Answer 9

personal identity -> social indentity via -> social categorization -> distinct social groups

1. boundaries “we”
   favourable to in-group -> satisfied social identity

intergroup comparison

2. stereotypes “they”
   favourable to out-group -> dissatisfied social identity

Question 10

motivation: link to self-esteem + identity

Answer 10

need for self-esteem

1. personal identity
   inclusion / achievements
2. social identity
   group achievements / group favoritism / outgroup rejection

–> all lead to increased self-esteem

Question 11

motivation: link to self-esteem -> group is perceived as negative

Answer 11

use of strategy
e.g. social mobility / social creativity

Question 12

4 consequences of transforming me into we

Answer 12

1. ingroup-outgroup bias
   ingroup favoritism / outgroup derogation
2. (collective) self-esteem
3. (self-) stereotyping
4. stereotype threat
   aware of group stereotypes + they expect you to
   conform