Study Material Flashcards
Prepare for exam
1
Q
Certification
A
- good for 3 years
- Free upgrade online to renew for 3 additional years
- Better discounts
- Certification stays with you, not with company
2
Q
Lightfinder
A
- Low light situations
- Produces colour image in low light
- Does NOT go into IR Black/white mode
- Scene cannot be pitch black
- Camera can be manually set for low light, but Lightfinder works automatically with minimal/no side effects
- Lens must be good enough
- Processor heavy
3
Q
WDR
A
- (Wide Dynamic Range) Forensic Capture
- Bright and dark areas become visible (Balanced)
- “opposite of Lightfinder”
- Balances the light source between dark and light areas
- Takes multiple exposures. Puts over and under exposed images together
- Dark areas are over exposed to brighten upgrade
- Light areas are under exposed to not be blown out
- Do not use if you require high frame rate (Ex. 60FPS)
- By default is on for supported cameras
- Halo appears around objects where there is high contrast between light and dark areas
- Dynamic contrast and dynamic capture both used as part of the Forensic Capture
4
Q
Optimized IR
A
- Illumination automatically adapts to camera zoom level
- Most LED illuminators on a camera is 4
- Too many LEDs heat up the sensor and burn it up
- Produces better balanced IR instead of a focused illumination beam
- Lights are dimmed or brightened based on object distance from camera (less light for close up, more for far away)
5
Q
EIS
A
- (Electronic Image Stabilization)
- Where cameras are shaky or vibrating
- Ideal for pole cameras in windy areas
- Not all PTZ cameras have EIS, though majority do
6
Q
4K
A
- Benefit of 4K = Captures more detail, better digital zoom capability, cover more area with single camera (or less)
- Much higher bandwidth and storage consumption
- Light gathering capability is worse than lower resolution cameras 1080/720
- Now supports Lightfinder
- Large area coverage
7
Q
Corridor Format
A
- Takes 16:9 and flips it 90 degrees to make it 9:16 for longer view
- 2 Ways to do Corridor format. Auto flip - Physically flip camera and it will be detected and adjusted. Manual flip - requires software change to adjust view 90 degrees
- NOT the same as rotating in VMS
8
Q
Zipstream
A
- Compression algorithm
- Saves on bandwidth and storage consumption
- Diff from H.264 is that when there is no change in scene (larger savings with Zipstream)
- H.264 with zipstream performs better than H.265
- H.265 is not yet available because it’s not industry supported (encoders etc…)
9
Q
Multi-view streaming
A
- Ability to take single camera and break it out to multiple separate “streams” or views
- 4K cameras support multi-view
- “De-warping” 360 degree cameras into multi-view
- 360 degree cameras can be mounted on the ceiling or wall
10
Q
Footprints
A
- Mini dome
- Box
- Multisensor
- Network Horn
- PTZ
- Door Station
- Door controller
- Divided
- Network Radar
- Bullet
- Positioning Camera
11
Q
Why so many camera models?
A
- Environment
- Form-factor
- Features
- Budget
12
Q
Fixed cameras
A
- Indoor, Outdoor, Integrated
- Ability to change lens is a huge benefit
- Outdoor = indoor + housing
- Integrated = indoors or outdoors but is an all in one package (can’t change lens or housing)
13
Q
Dome Network Cameras
A
- Cannot change the lens
- Good for multisensor (1 network camera for 2-4+ sensors)
- Discreet
- Vandal-resistant
14
Q
Pan Tilt Zoom Cameras (PTZ)
A
-Zoom in, zoom out, pan left/right/up/down
15
Q
Q61 series PTZ
A
- Comes with sharp dome
- KNOW SHARP DOME
- Sharp dome can see 20 degrees above horizon
- Ideal for uneven terrain
- Speed Dry = Shakes camera to get water off camera
16
Q
Artic Temp Control
A
- Cold startup (-45c)
- Will not allow PTZ self check below -45 to protect moving parts
- Camera will pre-heat itself until it is safe to use PTZ (move frozen parts)
17
Q
-C Models
A
(High Temp Control)
- Cooling enclosure
- Forces hot air out of the chamber
- No air flow between separate chambers, only heat transfer
- Can operate up to 167F/75C
18
Q
Stainless Steel PTZ
A
-Resists corrosion of harsh environments
19
Q
Explosion protected
A
- Sparks will not exit chamber/housing
- Will not cause explosion
20
Q
Thermal (models, use case/conditions)
A
- Works with no light
- Use for detection, not for identification
- Q19 or Q29 are thermal cameras. No physical identifiers.
- Q29 has temperature alarm ability. Set threshold and if object is too hot or too cold an alarm will alert
- Server rooms, transformers, hospitals are ideal for temperature readings
- Thermal able to detect through smoke and fog
- Thermal cannot see through glass
- Moisture in the air can affect thermal views (needs contrast of heat)
- Less false triggers from thermal vs regular camera
- Thermal lenses are made from Germanium since thermal sensor cannot penetrate glass
21
Q
Door controller (Power/ how many doors?)
A
- Controls 2 doors
- PoE
22
Q
Intercom (Communication/ protocol?)
A
- 2 way communication
- SIP enabled, VOIP can be used
23
Q
Network speakers (protocol)
A
-SIP enabled, VOIP can be used
24
Q
Axis Free VMS up to 16 devices
A
(Companion app)
-Can configure whole thing with mobile app
25
Axis VMS (paid full software suite)
Camera Station
| -Small to medium sized deployment
26
F series
- Modular
- Covert
- Use in vehicles or areas where cameras needs to be hidden
27
Axis Naming Convention (* for exam)
- Q* = Highest quality and highest product line cameras and encoders (fixed, dome, PTZ)
- P* = Professional product line. Lower prices, lower quality (fixed, dome, PTZ)
- M* = Budget option. High resolution available but less feature rich
- F* = Covert / Modular cameras
- V* = Broadcasting (meetings, not intended for surveillance)
- X = Explosion "proof"
- D = Radar
- T* = Accessory or system product
- A = Physical access control (Controllers and intercoms)
- C = Network audio (Speaker, audio bridge)
- S = Camera station products (servers)
28
Naming Convention Q*
Highest quality and highest product line cameras and encoders (fixed, dome, PTZ)
29
Naming Convention P*
Professional product line. Lower prices, lower quality (fixed, dome, PTZ)
30
Naming Convention M*
Budget option. High resolution available but less feature rich
31
Naming Convention F*
Covert / Modular cameras
32
Naming Convention V*
Broadcasting (meetings, not intended for surveillance)
33
Naming Convention X
Explosion "proof"
34
Naming Convention D
Radar
35
Naming Convention T*
Accessory or system product
36
Naming Convention A
Physical access control (Controllers and intercoms)
37
Naming Convention C
Network audio (Speaker, audio bridge)
38
Naming Convention S
Camera station products (servers)
39
First Digit (Naming Convention)
Form Factor
40
1-2 Form Factor
Fixed
41
3-4 Form Factor
Dome
42
5-6 Form Factor
PTZ
43
7 Form Factor
Encoder/Decoder
44
8 Form Factor
System Products (electrical components)
45
9 Form Factor
Accessories (Housing, brackets, bubble)
46
Second Digit
Series number (family)
47
Third Digit (Naming Convention)
Running Number
- Variations between models in same series (might have different sensors etc...)
- P3215-VE vs P3225-VE
48
Last Digit (Naming Convention)
Resolution
| **Encoder last digit represents number of channels**
49
Last Digit 1
VGA 640x480
50
Last Digit 2
4CIF 704x480
51
Last Digit 3
SVGA 800x600
52
Last Digit 4*
720P 1280x720
53
Last Digit 5*
1080P 1920x1080
54
Last Digit 6
3/4MP 2560x1440
55
Last Digit 7
5MP 2592x1944
56
Last Digit 8*
4K-15MP 3840x2160
57
Last Digit 9
=> 15MP
58
Extensions
- C = Active Cooling
- E = Outdoor Ready
- L = Onboard Illumination
- P = Panoramic (180/360 view cams)
- R = Rugged (think toughbook) Interior is more robust vs vandal-proof which is externally hardened
- V = Vandal-Resistant
- W = Wireless (M and companion product lines, only 4 products)
- S = Stainless Steel
59
Extensions -C
Active Cooling
60
Extensions -E
Outdoor Ready
61
Extensions -L
Onboard Illumination
62
Extensions -P
Panoramic (180/360 view cams)
63
Extensions -R
Rugged (think toughbook) Interior is more robust vs vandal-proof which is externally hardened
64
Extensions -V
Vandal-Resistant
65
Extensions -W
Wireless (M and companion product lines, only 4 products)
66
Extensions -S
Stainless Steel
67
MK II/MK III/ MK IV
Version or Revision number
68
Quality Standards (ratings, min required for outdoor use)
- Highest rating is IK10+
- Vandal-Resistant ratings
- -V has min rating of IK08
- Impact resistance tests = IK rating
- Dropping ball or throwing brick at device to test
69
HDTV vs HD
- HDTV is a standard set by the SMPTE
- HDTV = 25/30FPS, 16:9, Colour Fidelity, Resolution 720p/1080p (720 and 25 is European standards)
- HD = is resolution only
70
Water resistance (rating, min for outdoor use)
IP Ratings (Ingress Protection)
- IP66 and IP69 can be used outdoors
- Rating made up of 2 digits. Solids/dust and Moisture/water
71
ONVIF
- Universal / Global standard
- Multiple devices from multiple vendors supported (enroll variety of cameras into VMS)
- If a device is ONVIF compliant it means you can get a stream at minimum. (Doesn't mean you must get all camera features)
72
Axis Site Designer
(Combines all 4 tools into one. Adds PoE calculation and VMS licensing cost, Generates BOM and sales quote)
73
Product Selector
(Compare products, filter by feature)
74
Accessory Selector
(Select accessories based on devices)
75
Axis Design Tool
(Calculate bandwidth and storage needs)
76
Lens Calculator
(Calculate the field of view and pixel density requirement)
77
OSI (
Layers 1/2/3/4 for exam
```
Physical = Cables/wireless/signals/hubs
Datalink = MAC address / Switch
Network = IP address / Router
Transport = TCP/UDP
```
78
Default IP address for Axis devices
-192.168.0.90
79
CIS
Center for Internet Security
80
*CSC
Critical Security Controls
81
Axis Device Manager
- Change IP addresses of Axis devices
- Push analytics
- Set date time
- Firmwares upgrade/downgrade
- Security patches
- Change settings
82
Flickering (cause and fix)
60Hz because of lights (Flickering)
50Hz European Spec
SHUTTER SPEED
83
Lens Types
- Wide, Normal, Telephoto
- Wide has lots of coverage with lower detail
- Normal is more balanced (like human eye). Good detail and good coverage
- Telephoto has least coverage, but most detail
84
Fixed lens
Pre-configured, can't change anything (even zoom)
85
Varifocal
- Zoom in and out a little bit
| - Must refocus whenever zoom is adjusted
86
Zoom lens
-Camera will automatically zoom in and focus
87
C/CS Mount (Difference and interchangeable?)
- C will give higher focal length (more zoomy)
- CS will give wider field of view
- Need adapter ring to convert camera from CS to C mount
- Can do remote back focus
- Manually set zoom and focus physically on camera. Remote back focus for minor adjustments
88
iCS lens
-Remote zoom and focus
89
Lens (what does it do?)
-Influences the FOV and focuses light
90
Iris (what does it do?)
-Regulates the amount of light by controlling the size of the aperture
91
Aperture (what does it do?)
- Hole through which light enters
- More open, lets in more light to expose image
- More closed, lets in less light to avoid being blown out
92
Sensor (what does it do?)
-Converts light into an electrical signal
93
Processor (what does it do?)
-Processes an electrical signal into an image
94
Focal length
-Distance between glass and sensor
95
FStop
- 1 is almost completely open
| - 10 is almost closed
96
Depth of Field
- The area before and after the focal point
- When an object moving through view goes out of focus, they are out of the depth of field
- Less light = higher depth of field
- More light = less depth of field
97
Wide lens DOF
deep DOF
98
Telephoto DOF
Shallow DOF
99
Iris types
-Fixed,DC-Iris, P-Iris
100
Fixed Iris
- Aperture cannot change, fixed value
| - Put in a controlled environment where light doesn't change (indoors)
101
DC-Iris
- Direct current iris
- Looks for condition changes to adjust iris
- Sometimes auto-adjust will make portion of view go out of focus and need to be focused again
102
P-Iris
-Has a logical check for focus and will auto-correct
103
Image Sensor
- Think grid
- Higher resolution = smaller "pocket" footprint
- Smaller "pockets" collect less light, but more pixels (4K)
104
Shutter speed
- slow = more light
- Fast = less light
- 1/6 second exposure = 6 exposures every second
105
"Flicker Free"
-Allows for changing to 60Hz
106
Gain
- To compensate for low light
- Amplifies light on image
- Can be "noisy" or "grainy"
- Will increase bandwidth/storage (more changes detected by H.264)
107
Lightfinder req
-Needs good lens, sensor, and processor to support Lightfinder
108
WDR use case
- Works well on cloudy days
| - Over exposed and under exposed image merged together
109
Light/illumination measurement
-Measured in Lux
110
Light calculation
- When you double the distance you need 4 times the light
| - Inverse square law of light
111
Colour Temperature
- Measured in Kelvin
| - Distorts images if set incorrectly
112
White balance
-Tries to remove the gold/purple/blue tint *COLOUR TEMP*
113
IR wave info
- Semi-covert IR is around 850nm, but can easily be seen with human eye (far distance)
- Covert IR is 940nm and difficult to notice with human eyes (shorter distance)
114
IR-cut filter
- Blocks the IR light from hitting the sensor (cuts out IR with a filter)
- IR-Pass filter blocks off majority of white light and allows IR through
115
Optimized IR
-adjusts the IR beam angle to match the cameras FOV
116
IR requires .....
"IR corrected lens" to maintain sharp focus
- Without the correct lens, the image will be blurry
- Lenses are marked with IR on the label to indicate IR corrected
117
Thermal ALWAYS used for....
-*ALWAYS used for detection, not identification
118
Emissivity
- The rate at which a material radiates thermal energy
- More porous materials have higher emissivity and radiate heat more
- Think coffee in paper cup vs thermos on thermal camera
119
Compression
- Too much compression reduces image detail (pixely view)
- Seek balance between bitrate and image quality
- Lossless vs lossy compression
- Lossless = Think deflating a beach ball and re-inflating. Nothing is lost. Not much bitrate savings
- Lossy = More savings, but image quality is impacted. Takes sample, analyzes sample next to it, will compress and send, decompress as "good enough"
- More compression = less samples taken
120
Codecs
- encode/decode
- MJPEG vs H.264/H.265
- MJPEG compresses by applying lossy compression to each image
- H.264 compresses by using "I" frames and "P" frames. Initial frame "I" frame is the whole complete image. Predictive "P" frames (key frames) are only the changes in image.
- MJPEG requires little processing
- H.264 requires heavy processing
- MJPEG uses very high bandwidth
- H.264 Uses very low bandwidth
- MJPEG easy to predict bitrate because whole image processed and sent each time
- H.264 Difficult to predict bitrate because size of image dependent on the changing image/view (no changes = very small, many changes = very big)
121
GOP/GOV
- Same thing
- Group of pictures/Group of videos
- Now is Number of P frames
- Determines when the next I frame will be captured/sent
- So #of P = 61 means there is an I frame followed by 60 P frames
122
H.264 profiles
- B frames = bidirectional frames, looks at frames before and after current frame
- Surveillance only uses I and P frames
123
Latency
- Time it takes to compress, transport, decode, and display video stream
- MJPEG has lower latency than H.264 because the processing cost is much lower
124
JPEG compression
- Compression of 10 will keep 90% of the image and compress 10%
- Compression happens on a curve. The gains from compression are lessened as you compress more. Balanced is often around 30.
125
Artifacts
-Blocky pixely bits that appear on overly compressed image (Ex. 100% compression)
126
Variable bitrates
- Bitrate rises and falls as the scene changes
| - Camera is unrestricted/can use what it needs
127
Maximum bitrate
- Set a threshold for the max bitrate a camera can use
- Prioritize image quality or frame rate
- Priority on image quality will not touch compression level to preserve image at the cost of framerates
- Priority on frame rate will not touch frame rate at the cost of image quality (compression / artifacts)
128
Zipstream
- Not proprietary
- Built off the back of H.264
- Took H.264 and modified it for best bitrate savings
- Different levels of zipstream
- Advanced Zipstream features (anything other than Dynamic ROI) only supported by 3 VMS (Axis Camera Station, Milestone, Genetec)
- Dynamic regions of interest (ROI) are marked when change/motion detected and compression is not adjusted
- Areas not marked as dynamic regions of interest (movement/change) are set for increased compression
- Dynamic Regions of interest are labeled as such because the camera automatically detects change and marks without user input
- Zipstream analyzes every P frame and recalculates what it considers as a dynamic region of interest
129
Zipstream Methods
- Dynamic regions of interest = Supported by any VMS that is capable of using H.264
- Dynamic GOP = If GOP/keyframes is set to 61, zipstream increases to ~300 for bitrate savings until change is detected. It will automatically use 61 if there is any change
- Zipstream for PTZs = Same as Dynamic region of interest, but now supported for PTZ cameras
- Dynamic FPS = If frame rate is set to 30FPS it will drop frame rate down to 1FPS if there is no change in image. It will automatically go back to 30FPS if there is any change. (can set higher than 1FPS if required)
130
H.264 Movement makes bitrate.....
-Movement makes bitrate spike because P frames get larger
131
Product with E rating has min IP......
-Product with E rating has min IP66
132
Design Preparation
-Prepare/survey/design/validate
133
Prepare
- Why do I need surveillance?
| - What is the goal?
134
Survey/Site survey
- Where are we installing devices?
- Have map or satellite image for layout
- Consider doing surveys during the day AND night for low light sample
- Have two people conduct surveys at different times to prevent overlooking anything
135
Design
-Use the Axis tools to build out design
136
Validation
- Cameras are installed correctly looking at the right areas
| - Cameras are configured correctly and focused
137
Sketchup
- 3rd party tool for 3D rendering
| - Axis has extensions to include their devices
138
Visio
- Also has Axis device extensions
| - Need to scale floor plan before camera coverage will be accurate
139
Dead zone
-Area close to the camera (often directly under device) where the camera cannot see
140
Detection zone
-View of the camera
141
Scene composition
-Picking the right camera for the job (Ex. overview/wide vs identification/telephoto)
142
Detect, recognize, identify
Detection: 4px/face (ear to ear). 7px/ft (pixels per foot)
Recognition: 20px/face. 37px/ft
Identification (challenging conditions) 80px/face 150 px/ft
143
ear to ear for the average human
6.3inches
144
Pixel Density & Scene Width
- Take horizontal pixel count and divide by the px/ft value to determine how wide the FOV will be to guarantee 80px/face
- EX. 1920/150 = 12.8ft
- Can also take the horizontal area of a camera view and divide that by horizontal value of resolution to see if area is >150px/ft
145
Pixel Counter
-Axis camera tool that lets you draw a box that counts pixels
146
COAXIAL
- Existing coax cables can be used with PoE over coax converter
- Two units, Ethernet to switch and Ethernet to camera
147
Connectivity
-Shielded cables important for GROUNDING the cables
148
Max length Ethernet
- 100M/300ft
- Use PoE extenders for an additional 100M
- Only 2 PoE extenders can be used for a single run
149
Power Budget (classes)
```
0 = 15.4W
1 = 04.0W
2 = 07.0W
3 = 15.4W
4 (PoE+) = 30.0W
High PoE = 60.0W
```
150
Midspan/PoE injector
- Included with all 60W cameras
| - New fiber midspans are available (fiber to injector, ethernet to camera)
151
PoE Splitter
-Takes PoE and splits power out for externally powered devices (non-PoE devices)
152
Fiber modes
- SMF goes farther
| - MMF does not go as far
153
Media converter (fiber)
-Requires SFP modules for fiber (2xSFP, 2xEthernet)
154
Surge Protector
-Important for exterior cameras
155
Failover
- SD card as backup
- Issues between server and camera will start using SD card until server is available (trickle back to server)
- NTP / Time is very important to use this feature or else the footage will be incorrectly timestamped
156
Troubleshooting
- Diagnose and then repair
| - Download server report before restarting or troubleshooting
157
Parameter list (system server report)
-Any option that has been adjusted or modified will be displayed
158
Connection list (system server report)
-List of streams (actually all network connections)
159
Access log (system server report)
-Who has been accessing the device (user accounts)
160
Camera LEDs (not IR)
```
Green (normal operation)
Yellow/amber (startup, restore, or factory default)
Red Flashing (failed firmware upgrade)
```
161
Restart / restore / default
Restore = Network settings are saved. Firmware will be maintained. Focus will be kept.
Factory Default = Everything reset except firmware
162
Firmware upgrade
- Device manager can do parallel or sequential on multiple cameras
- Parallel is all at once
- Sequential is one at a time
163
Vignetting
- Lens format smaller than sensor
- Lens = circle on big black square (sensor)
- Dark shades around the edges of image
164
Stuck IR-Cut Filter
- May see off colour image (often purple)
| - Power cycle
165
Over compressed
-artifacts
166
White balance adjustments. What do the do?
-When colour temperature is off
167
Privacy mask
- Block section of image
- Black box or blur option
- Can be used for bitrate control
168
Legacy Devices
-Encoders
169
Interlaced Video
- Odd and even fields combine to make a complete image
| - Combing or tearing can happen on fast moving objects
170
De-interlacing
- Reduces or eliminates combing or tearing
| - Analog cameras
171
Progressive Scan
- Writes to single frame
| - IP cameras are progressive scan
172
IO ports
-Send triggers from cameras to other devices (such as lights)
173
ACAP
- Axis Camera Application Platform
- Allows for 3rd party analytics to be installed
- Installed on the camera
174
Action Events
- Include areas = designated zone for motion detection
| - exclude areas = designated zone for not performing motion detection (can exist within an include area)
175
Tamper detection
- Any time the field of view changes
| - Off by default
176
Shock detection
-uses built in accelerometer to detect if camera is subjected to force
177
Action Rules
- Motion/tamper/Shock detected (trigger)
| - Perform action after triggered (PTZ snaps to bookmark)
178
Guard tour
-Preset to preset
179
Auto-tracking
- PTZ follows an object
| - Picks largest (pixel) movement during conflict (multiple moving objects)
180
Radar
- Assists PTZ cameras
- 50M
- Will get PTZ to back out if something comes within radar view
181
Focus recall
-PTZ retains the focus value to recall immediately rather than going through auto-focus
182
Laser focus
- Transmitter and receiver are separate sensors on the camera (inside dome)
- Assists focus when zooming
183
Network Audio
- G.726 speech codec
- G.711 speech codec More common, like H.264 for video
- Simplex, half duplex, full duplex
- Simplex one way (either or)
- Half duplex, two device but one at a time
- Full duplex, Everything all the tie
184
VAPIX
- API
- Http://IPaddress/axis-cgi/jpg/image.cgi?resolution=1920x1080
- Servername Subdir Argument Value
- Camera collaboration
185
Bitrate calculation for exam
2Mbps / 8 = 0.25 MBps
0.25MBps *60 = 15MBpm
15MBpm *60 = 900MBph
900MBph *24 = 21600MBpd
186
Http:///axis-cgi/factorydefault.cgi
THIS IS A Restore
187
HTTP:///axis-chi/hardfactorydefault.cgi
THIS IS FACTORY DEFAULT
188
Q3616 and Q3617 Camera series
- PTRZ
- PAN TILT ROLL ZOOM
- Not a PTZ, it is a dome camera
- Installer feature
- Very slow
189
PTRZ
- PAN TILT ROLL ZOOM
| - Not a PTZ, it is a dome camera
190
Thermal camera numbers
Q19 and Q29
