Study Of The Axial Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Answer 1

c7, t13, L7, s3, Cd20; skull mandible, vertebral column, ribs, os penis, sternum

Question 2

appendicular skeleton

Answer 2

thoracic limb, pelvic lim; bones that support the appendages

Question 3

thoracic limb

Answer 3

scapula/ calvical, brachium (humerus, forelimb femur pelvic limb)/ ante brachium, manus (forelimb)

Question 4

pelvic limb

Answer 4

ossa coxarum, thigh/ crus, pes (pelvic limb)

Question 5

supporting skeleton

Answer 5

girdle, supporting column formed by brachium, extremity

Question 6

laminectomy

Answer 6

remove lamina of vertebrae to access spinal cord

Question 7

formation of vertebral canal

Answer 7

formed by lining up of vertebral foramina

Question 8

spinal cord lies

Answer 8

within vertebral canal surrounded by connective tissue coverings (meninges)

Question 9

vertebrae separate by

Answer 9

intervertebral discs

Question 10

intervertebral foramina

Answer 10

where pedicles meet body creates a notch; formed by caudal notch proximal vertebrae and cranial notch of distal vertebrae; space where spinal nerves leave vertebral canal and vessels come in and out (nerves were there bones grew around them)

Question 11

mammillary process

Answer 11

muscle attachment sites; Doral cranial projection of transverse process (T2-T10) or cranial articular process (T11-Cd)

Question 12

accessory process

Answer 12

dorsal caudal projection from projection from pedicles (T5 caudal), project caudally over intervertebral foramen; can press on nerve if not aligned properly

Question 13

cervical vertebrea

Answer 13

C3-C7; short spines, prominent ventral crest on vertebral body; transverse process are two-pronged; transverse foramina in c1-c6 course of vertebral artery and nerve; articular facets article in dorsal/ ventral plane;

Question 14

cervical vertebrae landmark

Answer 14

C6 has prominent ventral lamina of transverse process can use as an imagine landmark

Question 15

articulations of C3-C7

Answer 15

horizontal articulations; tiny synovial joints

Question 16

atlas

Answer 16

C1; transverse processes are very large “wings”; lack spinous process; vertebral artery runs through hole in this vertebrae; large surface are lots of muscle attachments to transverse process; alanto-occipital joint; lateral vertebral forament

Question 17

alanto-occipital jont

Answer 17

cranial articular fovea articulate with occiput at this jt

Question 18

lateral vertebral forament

Answer 18

for passage of C1 & vertebral artery

Question 19

axis

Answer 19

C2; spinous process= prominent ridge; body with a cranial projection= dens; cranial articular surfaces on body lateral to dens

Question 20

dens

Answer 20

body with cranial projection; body of c1 that fused with c2 fusion= stabilized by ligaments

Question 21

thoracic vertebrea

Answer 21

T1-T13; long spines, short transverse processes; short bodies; cranial and caudal costal fovea for ribs; body articulates with he’d of rib; transverse process articulates with tubercle of rib

Question 22

anticlinical vertebrae

Answer 22

T11; spines of vertebrae cr to this = directed caudally; those cd to this directed cranially

Question 23

articular facets between T10 and T11

Answer 23

articular facets change orientation between T10-T11 to become oriented in sagittal plane (was horizontal); once you have sagittal articulations you can’t see the articulations well on radiographs anymore

Question 24

costal fovea

Answer 24

cranial and caudal fovea come together forming costal fovea

Question 25

head of rib articulation

Answer 25

head of rib articulates between fovea and tubercle, articulates with transverse process this forms pivot point for rib

Question 26

lumbar vertebrea

Answer 26

L1-L7; relatively short spines; bodies longer than thoracic vertebrae; transverse processes long and directed cranially and ventrolaterally; articular facets are oriented sagittal plane; a lot of muscle attachments on lumbar

Question 27

sacral vertebrea

Answer 27

S1-S3; they are fused to form sacrum; have dorsal and ventral foramina, scrum articulates laterally

Question 28

sacroiliac joints

Answer 28

articulation of sacrum with ilia; SI jt allows pelvic to relax in large animals

Question 29

dorsal sacral foramina

Answer 29

for dorsal branches spinal nn

Question 30

pelvic sacral foramina

Answer 30

for ventral branches spinal nn

Question 31

promontory

Answer 31

transverse ridge on ventral base

Question 32

ligament

Answer 32

connection of bone to bone; usually of connective tissue

Question 33

nucal ligament

Answer 33

in dogs NOT cats; goes from C2 to T1

Question 34

supraspinous ligament

Answer 34

nuchal ligament continues as supraspinous ligament (forms structural stability)

Question 35

nuchal ligament in horse

Answer 35

made of funiculus nuchal and lamina nuchae; funiculus nuchae is dorsal, this goes from occipital bone to T1 the lamina nuchae is deep to this(runs from finical part to vertebrae); this saves energy when lifting the head bc fibers contract back so using connective tissue to aid in lifting the lead as opposed to muscle energy

Question 36

movement in vertebral column

Answer 36

cervical, lumbar, and caudal regions of vertebral column have a lot of movement; thorax and sacral region are fairly fixed

Question 37

lesions of vertebral column

Answer 37

most likely to occur between transition of stable to more moveable parts of vertebral column

Question 38

longitudinal ligaments

Answer 38

there are dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments which run along sides of vertebral disc; d -> v dorsal longitudinal ligament, inter capital ligament, annulus fibrous of intervertebral disc, nucleus pulpous of intervertebral disc, ventral longitudinal ligament; longitudinal ligaments run d and v to disc helping to prevent herniation

Question 39

inter capital ligament

Answer 39

between heads to vertebral discs

Question 40

flexion of vertebral column

Answer 40

allows galloping to happen

Question 41

bucking

Answer 41

extension of vertebral column

Question 42

actions of joint

Answer 42

extension, flexion, retrcaation

Question 43

epaxial muscles

Answer 43

between sinus and transverse process; medial transversospinalis, intermediate longisimusm, lateral iliocostalis

Question 44

hypaxial muscles

Answer 44

non-epaxial muscles in body

Question 45

hypaxial muscles associated with vertebral column

Answer 45

cervical region (longus colli, longus capitis) thoracic region (longus colli), lumbar region (psoas major, iliaques muscle= iliopsoas muscle)

Question 46

pelvic diaphgragm

Answer 46

coccyges muscle, levato ani muscle