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Neurobiology Final Exam > Study Questions for Final > Flashcards

Study Questions for Final Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Which of the following second messengers is responsible for activating Protein Kinase C (PKC)?
A) cAMP
B) IP3
C) DAG
D) cGMP

A

DAG

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2
Q

Which of the following signaling types involves neurotransmitter release at a synapse?
A) Paracrine
B) Endocrine
C) Synaptic
D) Autocrine

A

Synaptic

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3
Q

What is the function of a GTPase-activating protein (GAP)?
A) Converts ATP to cAMP
B) Activates G proteins
C) Stimulates GTP hydrolysis to inactivate G proteins
D) Opens ligand-gated ion channels

A

Stimulates GTP hydrolysis to inactivate G proteins

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4
Q

Which second messenger is responsible for releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?
A) cAMP
B) IP3
C) DAG
D) cGMP

A

IP3

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5
Q

What enzyme produces cAMP from ATP?
A) Protein kinase A
B) Phosphodiesterase
C) Adenylyl cyclase
D) Guanylyl cyclase

A

Adenylyl cyclase

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6
Q

Which of the following is a monomeric G protein involved in growth and differentiation pathways?
A) Gαs
B) Gβγ
C) Ras
D) Gq

A

Ras

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7
Q

What directly activates Protein Kinase C (PKC)?
A) IP3
B) cGMP
C) DAG and calcium
D) cAMP

A

DAG and Calcium

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8
Q

What type of receptor is the dopamine receptor?
A) Ligand-gated ion channel
B) Voltage-gated channel
C) Metabotropic GPCR
D) Tyrosine kinase receptor

A

Metabotropic GPCR

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9
Q

Which molecule binds to and activates CaMKII?
A) cAMP
B) Calmodulin with bound Ca²⁺
C) IP3
D) PIP2

A

Calmodulin with bound Ca²⁺

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10
Q

What enzyme degrades cAMP to AMP, turning off its signal?
A) Adenylyl cyclase
B) Protein kinase A
C) Phosphodiesterase
D) Guanylyl cyclase

A

Phosphodiesterase

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11
Q

Which second messenger activates cyclic nucleotide-gated channels?
A) DAG
B) Calcium
C) cAMP and cGMP
D) IP3

A

cAMP and cGMP

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12
Q

What is the key difference between short-term and long-term plasticity?
A) Short-term involves gene expression, long-term does not
B) Short-term involves neurotransmitter release only
C) Long-term involves gene transcription and protein synthesis
D) Long-term is always inhibitory

A

Long-term involves gene transcription and protein synthesis

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13
Q

Which condition is necessary for LTP induction in the hippocampus?
A) Low-frequency stimulation
B) GABA receptor activation
C) High-frequency tetanic stimulation
D) Dopamine receptor blockade

A

High-frequency tetanic stimulation

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14
Q

Which receptor allows Ca²⁺ influx during LTP and requires both glutamate and depolarization?
A) AMPA receptor
B) GABA receptor
C) NMDA receptor
D) Nicotinic receptor

A

NMDA receptor

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15
Q

Which is NOT a property of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?
A) Specificity
B) Reversibility
C) Associativity
D) Persistence

A

Reversibility

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16
Q

Which of the following supports synaptic growth during long-term memory formation?
A) Vesicle recycling
B) Ion channel activation
C) Gene transcription via CREB
D) Inhibition of PKA

A

Gene transcription via CREB

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in sensitization in Aplysia?
A) Glutamate
B) Dopamine
C) Serotonin
D) Acetylcholine

A

Serotonin

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18
Q

What term describes when a weak synapse is strengthened if activated simultaneously with a strong one?
A) Depression
B) Summation
C) Specificity
D) Associativity

A

Associativity

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19
Q

Which molecule is commonly used as a marker for transcriptional activation in neurons?
A) GABA
B) CaMKII
C) c-fos
D) GTP

A

c-fos

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20
Q

How can GABA be excitatory during early development?
A) Due to low extracellular K⁺ levels
B) Due to high intracellular Cl⁻ levels
C) Because it activates NMDA receptors
D) It binds directly to Ca²⁺ channels

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A

Due to high intracellular Cl⁻ levels

21
Q

A mutation that prevents the inactivation of a voltage-gated sodium channel may result in:
A) Reduced neurotransmitter release
B) Enhanced long-term depression
C) Excessive neuronal firing (e.g., epilepsy)
D) Blocked synaptic vesicle docking

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A

Excessive neuronal firing (e.g., epilepsy)

22
Q

Which ion triggers neurotransmitter release at the presynaptic terminal?
A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) Cl⁻
D) Ca²⁺

23
Q

What makes HSAM (Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory) unique?
A) It is linked to damaged hippocampal neurons
B) It allows for long-term depression
C) Individuals recall everyday events with extreme accuracy
D) It results from complete amnesia

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A

Individuals recall everyday events with extreme accuracy

24
Q

What is memory reconsolidation?
A) The strengthening of short-term memory
B) The permanent deletion of outdated memories
C) The destabilization and restorage of retrieved memories
D) The inhibition of synaptic transmission

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A

The destabilization and restorage of retrieved memories

25
What directly opens cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in neurons? A) DAG B) IP3 C) cAMP or cGMP D) Gβγ subunits
cAMP or cGMP
26
The action of phosphatases in a signaling cascade is to: A) Phosphorylate proteins B) Add GTP to G proteins C) Degrade second messengers D) Remove phosphate groups from proteins
Remove phosphate groups from proteins
27
What is the source of DAG and IP3 in the cell membrane? A) ATP hydrolysis B) cAMP degradation C) PIP2 cleavage by phospholipase C D) Na⁺ influx
PIP2 cleavage by phospholipase C
28
Which enzyme is directly activated by calcium and calmodulin in neurons? A) PKC B) CaMKII C) PKA D) MAPK
CaMKII
29
Which of the following second messengers is lipid-soluble and remains in the membrane? A) IP3 B) cAMP C) DAG D) Ca²⁺
DAG
30
What receptor type is responsible for slow, modulatory effects of neurotransmitters? A) Ionotropic receptors B) Voltage-gated ion channels C) GPCRs (metabotropic receptors) D) Ligand-gated chloride channels
GPCRs (metabotropic receptors)
31
What is the function of cAMP in neurons? A) Opens IP3 channels B) Blocks sodium influx C) Activates PKA and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels D) Binds NMDA receptors
Activates PKA and cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
32
Which of the following directly activates gene transcription involved in long-term changes in neurons? A) Ca²⁺ B) CREB C) Gβγ D) IP3
CREB
33
What is the molecular basis of short-term facilitation? A) Increased transcription of synaptic proteins B) Accumulation of residual Ca²⁺ in the presynaptic terminal C) Inhibition of vesicle docking D) Removal of AMPA receptors
Accumulation of residual Ca²⁺ in the presynaptic terminal
34
In hippocampal LTP, what happens to AMPA receptors? A) They are phosphorylated and removed B) They are degraded by proteasomes C) They are inserted into the postsynaptic membrane and strengthened D) They switch to chloride-conducting forms
They are inserted into the postsynaptic membrane and strengthened
35
What type of synaptic change underlies habituation in Aplysia? A) Increased synaptic vesicle release B) Decreased postsynaptic receptor sensitivity C) Reduced presynaptic calcium influx and vesicle release D) Increased serotonin levels
Reduced presynaptic calcium influx and vesicle release
36
Which enzyme is essential for converting short-term memory into long-term memory in both Aplysia and vertebrates? A) CaMKII B) PKA C) CREB D) PKC
CREB
37
What is the primary role of NMDA receptors in LTP? A) To directly depolarize the neuron B) To allow calcium influx when glutamate binds and the membrane is depolarized C) To degrade AMPA receptors D) To recycle vesicles
To allow calcium influx when glutamate binds and the membrane is depolarized
38
What makes LTP specific to only certain synapses? A) Only postsynaptic neurons depolarize B) Only activated synapses experience calcium influx and signaling C) Vesicle release is limited to one axon terminal D) Inhibitory neurons prevent spread
Only activated synapses experience calcium influx and signaling
39
Which term refers to long-lasting decreases in synaptic strength? A) Facilitation B) LTP C) Sensitization D) LTD
LTD
40
What is the result of prolonged activation of PKC in neurons? A) Increased gene transcription B) Short-term facilitation C) Long-term depression D) Long-lasting changes in protein phosphorylation
Long-lasting changes in protein phosphorylation
41
What makes neurotransmitter modulation different from classic synaptic excitation/inhibition? A) It occurs only with electrical synapses B) It doesn't involve receptors C) It alters intracellular pathways rather than just membrane potential D) It only happens in glia
It alters intracellular pathways rather than just membrane potential
42
Why is the chloride ion (Cl⁻) excitatory in immature neurons? A) The membrane is hyperpolarized B) The K⁺ gradient is reversed C) The Cl⁻ equilibrium potential is above the resting membrane potential D) GABA receptors are absent
The Cl⁻ equilibrium potential is above the resting membrane potential
43
Which of the following channelopathies involves a mutation affecting inactivation of Na⁺ channels? A) Multiple sclerosis B) Dravet syndrome C) Parkinson’s disease D) Alzheimer’s disease
Dravet syndrome
44
What do CREB and c-fos have in common? A) They are neurotransmitters B) They are transcription factors activated during long-term plasticity C) They open potassium channels D) They degrade second messengers
They are transcription factors activated during long-term plasticity
45
What is the function of phospholipase C in signal transduction? A) Converts GTP to GDP B) Cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG C) Activates PKA D) Synthesizes cyclic GMP
Cleaves PIP2 into IP3 and DAG
46
What defines the phenomenon of memory reconsolidation? A) Recalling a memory without changes B) Permanent deletion of an old memory C) Retrieval makes the memory malleable and susceptible to updating D) Inability to form new memories
Retrieval makes the memory malleable and susceptible to updating
47
In the Memory Hackers documentary, what was discovered about people with HSAM? A) They never forget anything, even procedural knowledge B) They are more likely to make memory errors C) Their autobiographical recall is enhanced and consistent D) They exhibit complete immunity to brain trauma
Their autobiographical recall is enhanced and consistent
48
What is the primary mechanism of neurotransmitter release at synaptic terminals? A) Vesicle endocytosis B) Voltage-gated K⁺ channels C) Ca²⁺-dependent vesicle fusion D) Passive diffusion
Ca²⁺-dependent vesicle fusion
49

Neurobiology Final Exam (3 decks)

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