study_session_20240927025601 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
How many National Intelligence Community Organizations are there?
A
18 agencies
2
Q
Which IC organizations can work w/the military?
A
NGA, NSA, DIA
3
Q
What is the NRO and what does it do?
A
The National Reconnaissance Office launches satellites, conducts R&D but doesn’t analyze data.
4
Q
- What are the 7 steps of the intelligence cycle?
A
- Intelligence Requirement
- Collection Manager: The CM (Usually at a CCMD’s J2) verifies if data already exists
- Tasking: Tasks collection resources (available through CoC) of collection assets (supporting or assigned to unit)
- Information Collection:
- Information Processing
- Exploitation
- Dissemination
5
Q
- What is the OCA?
A
The Original Classification Authority is usually a senior government official such as the Sec. Def.
6
Q
- What is SCG?
There are 5 parts to it.
A
The Security Classification Guide (SCG) is a table often found on NIPR and SIPR which assists in explaining the classification of a piece of information. It’s broken down by:
- Element
- Classification Level
- Reason
- Dissemination
- CUI
7
Q
What’s the difference between Reconnaissance and Intelligence?
A
Intelligence is the process of the information gathered in Reconnaissance. NRO is responsible for collection but does not assist in any other step.
8
Q
Where are the 3 acknowledged NRO ground stations?
A
-ADF-SW, C, E
(NM, CO, D.C.)
9
Q
What is Spatial Resolution?
A
Spatial resolution indicates the level of detail in an image and the minimum distance between distinguishable objects.
10
Q
What is Ground Sample Distance?
A
Ground Sample Distance (GSD) refers to the physical distance between objects on the ground corresponding to the pixels in a satellite image.
11
Q
Which Satellites are in LEO and what are their payloads?
A
Intruder -SIGINT
ECS/EECS - EO
Worldview - EO
Topaz - EO
12
Q
Which satellites are in GEO and respective payload?
A
Orion - SIGINT
13
Q
Which satellites are in HEO?
A
Raven - SIGINT
Trumpet - SIGINT
14
Q
What is ELINT?
A
ELINT focuses on detecting and analyzing electronic signals, particularly those related to radar systems.
15
Q
What are the databases and webtools associated with OPIR?
A
iSpy, CEDELION, WIDOW: OPIR/reporting
16
Q
What are some commercial SAR satellites?
A
- RADARSAT-2 (SAR)
- Capella Space (SAR)
- Hawkeye 360 (SAR and ELINT)
17
Q
What does Space System Command’s (SSC) Commercial Space Office (COMSO) do?
A
It works with commercial satellite system partners to fill information gaps.
18
Q
What is Global Enhanced GEOINT Delivery (G-EGD)?
A
A knowledge management system that allows you to extract, process, download, and manipulate images to meet user unique needs.
19
Q
What are SATRAN and SATVUL?
A
They provide warning periods where equipment is vulnerable to reconnaissance from foreign spacecraft. SATRAN is for land warning and SATVUL is for Maritime.
These aren’t just warning against state-owned Electro Optical (EO) satellites.
20
Q
What is NIIRS and what are the three separate measurements?
A
It’s a rating scale of imagery from 1-9 (most are 1-5). The 3 separate measurements are
1. EO Reflective
2. EO Emissive
3. SAR
21
Q
What are the categories of SIGINT?
A
- COMINT: Text/Voice/Images collected
- SIGINT: Radars and other
- FISINT: Machine beacons from foreign equipment
Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence
22
Q
What are some space planning considerations we must keep in mind?
-
A
-Does this collect already exist?
- Understand the scope of your unit’s request.
- J2/CM owns the collection process and Space Officers are aware of all spaced-based ISR
- Commercial imagery can be requested for targeting development but not targeting itself.
23
Q
What are the different types of ISR
sats and what are their missions?
A
ECS, EECS, TOPAZ
24
Q
What are the missions of EECS? Orbit? Disadvantage and Advantage?
A
Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System’s Orbit is Non-Synchronous and Synchronous in LEO with a high norther latitude.
-Missions are 2200 (PAN)
-Highest Spatial Resolution @ NIIRS 5, 6100 (IR), 6700 (MSI) during the day.
- Susceptibal to terrestrial weather
25
What does the WIDOW database provide?
Near-Real-Time Situational Awareness of event based detections by all OPIR sensors such as:
-coverage areas
-events searches
-OPIR aircraft / missile tracks
-OPIR Summary Report
26
What kind of published products can you access through GETS (GEOINT Enterprise TPED Services)?
Intelligence Production and Management Tool
27
What band is GPS on and what kind of weather is it susceptible to?
Its on the UHF and L-Band. It's suscepitble to Space Weather
28
What are the 3 segments of GPS?
1. Space
2. Control
3. User
29
What orbit does PNT take place?
MEO
30
What are the 3 control segment of GPS?
1. MCS
2. Monitoring
3. Ground Antennas
31
What is the name of the method GPS uses to identify a position using 4 satellites? What aspects are those satellites concerned with?
Trilateration: Latitude, Longitude, Altitude and Timing
32
What are the different codes used by satellites? What bands are they in respectively?
C/A (code acquisition) - L1
P/Y (precise code) - L1 and L2
M-Code (reserved for military/government) - L1 and L2 (direct acquisition, no need to acquire C/A or P/Y codes.
| The function resides on the user level.
33
How does COP influence GPS munitions and other platforms in a GPS contested environment?
| DOP, PDOP (Contour Chart), CEP, SEP
-Dilution of Precision (DOP) increases as satellite proximity increases.
-PDOP: Contour Chart will show the PDOP overlayed on a map.
-SEP/CEP: (spherical probability) and (Circular probability) can be seen in a "spike chart"
34
How can you increase your platform's reliance to GPS jamming?
| Flex Power, AMFP, TACOP, Body Masking
-Flex Power: will enhance C/A by providing more power to it. When this is done to P/Y code it's called High Y.
-Alternate M-Code Flex Power (AMFP): Another means of increasing your platform's resilience is to conduct Alternate M-Code Flex Power (AMFP):
-Retains M-code
-enhances P/Y
-retains C/Y
-Tactical Optimization (TACOP): is the act of sending position data to the constellations, not the other way around.
35
Which graphics can you pull or request to assist in jamming mitigation? What are the tools you'll use to access them?
**Contour Chart/Spike Chart**
-GIANT = GPS Interference and Navigation Tool is a modeling tool which is the most accurate graphic.
-GOAT = Is a "near-real-time" GNSS Operational Analysis Tool that is an estimate of the battlefield's jamming conditions.
**Ribbon Chart**
-UAS C/A Ribbon chart: A JNWC platform which predicts the jamming resilience in the form of chart.
36
What are the 3 aspects of a jammer which GOAT can calculate for us?
1. Transmit Power
2. Antenna Height
3. Antenna Gain Pattern
37
What did we learn from Gypsy Kilo?
Dont Flex Power, Always encrypt your device, Exercise simulated a Russian GPS jamming attack which took place in White Sands, NM., How an Army unit would react to GPS jamming incident.
38
What are the tenants of a GPS jamming for an FA40?
Always encrypt your devices, Anticipate GPS jamming, Monitor and characterize systems in a jammed environment, Have alternate TTPs for navigation and weapons employment, Report interference to higher via JSIR-O
39
What are the 3 tenants of NAVWAR?
1. Protect friendly user
2. Prevent adversary use
3. Preserve civil PNT use outside theatre
40
What is the J/S ratio?
It’s the jamming to signal ratio at which a GPS enabled platform is effected by certain jamming levels measured in decibels.
41
At what decibel levels are each code types affected?
C/A jammed at 24dB
P/Y jammed at 41dB
Unencrypted receivers lose tracking at 44dB
Encrypted receivers lose tracking at 54db
Encrypted inertial navigation platforms lose GPS at 62dB
42
What type of GPS EMI are there?
-Blue on Blue (most common)
-Denial Jammers
-Deception
-Repeater
-Spoofer
43
What are the types of P(Y) Spoofers?
1. Blind Capture Spoofing: does not require the location of the target and it's the most likely to occur.
2. Knock-off Jamming: Spoof on reacquisition is the least likely and it's the hardest to accomplish.
3. Synchronization Spoofing
44
What does the JNWC do?
| Joint Navigation Warfare Center
JNWC: Direct warfighter support through operational environment SA.
Their website contains the following:
-Blue Force Effects
-Live Feed Jamming
-Threat Briefs
45
How many GPS satellites do we have in orbit and how many do we need?
We have 31 but only need 24
46
What are the 3 other GNSSs and who owns them?
-Glonass is owned by Russia with 24 satellites. It's on MEO only at 20k feet.
-BeiDou is China's and has 52 satellites with a variety of capabilities. It operates in MEO, GEO, and IGSO 38k to 21k feet.
-Galileo has 26 satellites and owned by the EU. It operates in MEO at 23k ft.
47
What are the regional satellite systems and who owns them?
-India has Navlc has 8 satellites at GEO and IGSO
-Japan has Qazi Zenith Satellite System has 4 satellites at GEO and IGSO
48
What is the role of the Mission Management Center (MMC) in Force Tracking Operations?
They are in charge of the 24/7 operations of SPACECOM's Force Tracking Operations. This includes Device Management, Texts, Dissemination up to the TS/SCI level.
49
What are three areas the MMC focuses on for Force Tracking Operations?
1. FFT - Friendly Force Tracking
2. TTL - Tagging, Tracking, and Locating HVI's
3. PR - Personnel Recovery
50
Explain the National Technical Means (NTM) pathway of FT communication?
SOF (iridium) > NTM Satellite > MGS Ground Station > DOD Gateway in Hawaii > FFT MMC > GCCS
| Mobile Ground Station, Global Command and Control System
51
What are the 4 types of deceptive repeater spoofing effects?
| (increasing in severity)
1. None
2. Partial
3. Complete Capture
4. Denial of Service
52
What are the 3 types of information?
1. Propaganda: misleading but true
2. Misinformation: unintentionally false
3. Disinformation: intentionally false
53
What are the 3 NAVWAR tennets?
1. Protect
2. Prevent
3. Preserve
54
What are the 4 cyber threats to space systems?
1. Space
2. Link
3. Ground
4. User
55
What are the 4 cyber effects? D(d3)
1. Deny to Defend
2. Deny to Disrupt
3. Deny to Destroy
4. Manipulate
56
What are the 3 types of Cyberspace operations?
Offensive (OCO)
Defensive (DCO)
DODIN
57
What kind of organizational cyber threats exist?
Nation State
Non-nation State
Individuals/Groups
Accidents and Natural Hazards
58
What are CEP/SEP?
Circular Error Probable/Spherical Error Probable
59
How do you move space Control assets?
Offensive Space Control (OSC): Through a RAP like process.
Defensive Space Control (DSC) Submit RFF
60
What is the difference between a spot beam and a footprint?
A spotbeam is a SATCOM's focus area and footprint is the available area.
61
What are the 4 ways that signals can be negatively affected?
Reflection: Bouncing off another object
Refraction: Passign through another medium
Absorbtion: Rain attinuation
Defraction: Angle bends around
62
Which kind of SATCOM can steer its spotbeam?
WGS/Milstar/A-EHF
63
What can you get from GETS and what does it stand for?
GEOINT Enterprise TEPD System
-published intelligence products
64
What does widow provide?
Near-realtime OPIR sensor SA
-Coverage Areas
-Event Searches
-OPIR aircraft
-OPIR Summary Report
-Missile Tracks
65
What does FLEXPOWER do?
It diverts power from M-code to C/A and P/Y.
66
What does AMFP do?
It diverts power from the other codes to M-code to preserve it.
67
What is the most popular SSR being asked for?
OPIR Watchbox
68
What are the 3 dimensions of the Information Environment?
1. Physical
2. Information
3. Cognitive
69
What are the layers of Cyberspace? (CLP)
1. CyberPersona
2. Logic
3. Physical
70
What are the types of GPS EMI?
Blue on Blue Jamming
Denial Jamming
Deception Jamming
-Repeater
-Spoofer
71
4 indicators of being jammed
1. Decreased signal to noise ratio
2. Degraded Satellite tracking
3. Fewer Satellites Tracked
4. Total loss of GPS signal
72
What are the 3 types of spoofer attacks?
1. Position
2. Time
3. Frequency
73
Name 4 SSR's for PNT.
1. DOP
2. Ribbon Chart - Platform Prediction
3. GPS Interference
4. GNSS Operational Analysis
74
What are the 3 common spoofing tactics?
1. Blind Capturing: Most likely; location not required
2. Knock-off: Difficult/Spoof on reacquisition
3. Synchronized spoofing: Difficult/Most stressing
75
What are some commercial SAR satellites?
RADARSAT-2 / Capella Space
TerraSAR-X / COSMO-SkyMed
76
What are some GOV GEOINT Databases and Web Tools?
iSPY (EO)
CEDELION (EO)
WIDOW (OPIR)
77
Define Spatial Resolution as it applies to EO, EM, and SAR.
The clarity of an object on the earth from a satellite.
EO: Ground Sample Distance (GSD)
EM: Signal resolution for different color on EM spectrum.
SAR: Impulse Response
78
What are the 3 FT pathways for transmission? (by MMC)
Iridium, Commercial, and National Technical Means (NTM)
79
Who does the FT for SOF, 3-letter agencies, and NGO's?
Mission Management Center (MMC) by way of the SMDC which is under SPACECOM.
-maintains 24/7 reporting and COP awareness
80
What is the Enhanced View Contract and its replacement?
Allowed the DOD/IC to procure GEOINT from commercial providers. It was replaced Enhanced View Follow-on
81
What capabilities can you request through an SSR?
OPIR monitoring - watchbox
-SATCOM EMI - characterization of Geolocation
-DOP Chart
-GPS interference
-Weather
82
What are the 4 DSC systems?
1. Kratos
2. Bounty Hunter
3. SPIRIT
4. WRMS (wideband monitoring sensor)
83
What is the relationship between Special Access Programs and IJSTO?
SAPs are nominated for IJSTO if IOC / prototype is 18 months from fielding/ and reached milestone C
-Pheonix Echo take place in SAPs
84
What are the 3 satellite sensor types? Which is for foreign objects?
Dedicated
Collateral
Contributing
-SOSI is the enemy (space object surveillance and identification)
85
What are 3 types of OPIR intelligence methods?
1. Searchlight
2. Scarsearch
3. Ground-event Characterization
86
What is the EMI Support chain?
1.EMI Event Occurs
2. Submits JSIR
3. CSpOC Restore/Resolve
4. RSSC Restore's link and Tasks SC
5. Bounty Hunter/Kratos rough geolocation
6. IC (narros target with SIGINT)
7. Location Nominated as Kinetic Effect or Non Kinetic Effect
87
What are the 3 NRO GEOINT Constellations/Missions?
Crystal: EO - LEO
TOPAZ: SAR - LEO
Cobra-Brass Fox: OPIR - GEO
88
What are the SIGINT Satellites and their orbits?
Trumpet/ Raven: HEO
Orion: GEO
Intruder: LEO
89
Introduction
Available ISR capabilities can provide you SA ISO Humanitarian Efforts and can keep a close eye on PRC threats as well as help mitigate risks of operating in this AO. Here's what we know.
90
(Facts - Weather, TWN ISR, PRC MRBM)
Wx limits space-based EO collection
TWN has organic space-based ISR
PRC Strategic Rocket Forces remain mobilized
| Here's what we know...
91
(Assumptions - PRC ISR, disrupt ISR, ISR critical infrastructure)
China maintains robust ISR capabilities
PRC will attempt to disrupt US/TWN ISR capabilities
ISR will be a key component to defending critical infrastructure
92
Risks and Mitigations
(Intel sharing)
Risk - We are limited the intel we can we can share with Tiwan
Mitigation - We are coordinating with the FDO and our CM to share intel products with TWN
93
Risk and Mitigations
(S/MRBM)
Risk - PRC retains medium range ballistic strike capability
Mitigation - Utilize SIGINT and SAR to monitoring launch capabilities
94
Risk and Mitigations
(ISR Ground Stations)
Risk - Tiwan ISR Ground Stations are at 75% capability.
Mitigation - Prioritize defense of critical infrastructure.
95
WFF
(Command and Control)
ISR will assist our Command and Control during this phase of the operation by providing SA on Chinese threats and ISO of disaster relief efforts
96
WFF
(Intelligence)
ISR will help determine BDA to prioritize the protection of critical infrastructure.
97
WFF (Force Protection)
ISR can provide PRC launch capability monitoring in the event of prolonged PRC aggression.
98
WFF (Sustainment)
ISR can help Identify ideal potential lines of communication
99
How will we coordinate with the J2 and CM to leverage ISR capabilities?
We will be leveraging ISR assets to monitor PRC aggression and to help with BDA of critical infrastructure.
100
How will we coordinate with the J3 and Host Nation to ensure the NGO’s are properly tracked?
We will coordinate with the J3 to ensure the NGOs are properly tracked via the FFT system. This could mean ensuring their equipment is properly registered. This is important because the TWN government might not be tracking them.
101
How will we work with the J4 to leverage ISR capabilities to assist in the humanitarian effort?
We will be coordinating with the J4 to ensure they can identify critical infrastructure and the safest lines of communication.
102
How will we be working with the J6 to assist in the humanitarian effort to help mitigate Chinese aggression?
We will be reviewing the PML to ensure our key SATCOM links haven’t been compromised as well as assisting in monitoring and geolocating GPS EMI.
