studyguide 3 Flashcards by bri escobar

Sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in the blood will lower the blood pH. This is known as __________.

ketoacidosis

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The process by which cellular products are secreted into the external environment is ________.

exocytosis

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The direction of reversible reactions depends on the __________ concentrations of the reactants and products.

relative

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Lipase enzymes hydrolyze triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids in a process called ________.

Lipolysis

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An unconscious motor response to a sensory stimulus is known as a(n) __________.

reflex

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The division of the autonomic nervous system that is often referred to as the rest-and-digest system is the __ nervous system.

parasympathetic

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When a stimulus is applied to a sensory nerve ending, a graded response called a _______ potential is produced.

generator

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Rigor mortis in skeletal muscle occurs due to a lack of __________.

ATP

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The primary target of the human immunodeficiency virus is the ________.

Multiple Choice
memory cell
macrophage
plasma cell
helper T lymphocyte

helper T lymphocyte

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What type of cell can destroy cancer cells without prior stimulation by tumor antigens?

Multiple Choice
Cytotoxic T cells
B lymphocytes
Natural killer cells
Regulatory T cells

Natural killer cells

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Molecules that are present in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria and are the best known PAMPs are called ________.

Multiple Choice
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
lymphokines
interferon
complement

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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Blocking the ________ receptor on helper T lymphocytes may inhibit activation by antigen-presenting cells.

Multiple Choice
IL-6
CD4
MHC
CD25

CD4

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Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at an inflamed site?

Multiple Choice
Monocytes
Neutrophils
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

Neutrophils

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Hypoventilation can correct ________.

Multiple Choice
metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

metabolic alkalosis

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Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure.

Multiple Choice
decrease; increase
decrease; decrease
increase; increase
increase; decrease

increase; decrease

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How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs?

Multiple Choice
Decomposes water

Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Covers the alveoli

All of the choices are correct.

Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules

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During inspiration, ________.

Multiple Choice
intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

transpulmonary pressure increases

the diaphragm relaxes

alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

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Destruction or loss of the ________ could cause albumin levels in the urine to increase.

Multiple Choice
capillary fenestrae
parietal layer of the capsule
glomerular basement membrane
slit diaphragm

slit diaphragm

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Neurohypophyseal secretion of ________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.

Multiple Choice
angiotensin I
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
renin

antidiuretic hormone

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Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat ________.

Multiple Choice
polycystic kidney disease
renal calculi
glomerulonephritis
acute renal failure

renal calculi

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Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?

Multiple Choice
Proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman’s capsule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman’s capsule

Nephron loop, Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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If ________ were absent, intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 could not occur.

Multiple Choice
intrinsic factor
calcium
vitamin D
vitamin C

intrinsic factor

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Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of ________.

Multiple Choice
mucus
pepsinogen
gastrin
hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid

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The primary function of the large intestine is ________. Multiple Choice degrading toxins water and electrolyte reabsorption hormone degradation mineral absorption

water and electrolyte reabsorption

Acidic chyme is buffered by ________ secreted from the pancreas. Multiple Choice bicarbonate mucus ammonia urea

bicarbonate

If a thyroid tumor were to result in hypersecretion of calcitonin, we would expect ________. Multiple Choice a reduced rate of endochondral ossification a decreased level of osteoclast activity a rise in blood calcium concentration increasingly brittle bones

a decreased level of osteoclast activity

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules is called ________. Multiple Choice ketogenesis gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogenolysis

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is true of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Multiple Choice Glucagon production will increase, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. Lack of insulin leads to hypertension and decreased fatty acids in the blood. Lack of insulin causes a decrease in glucagon production. Lack of insulin leads to hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis.

Glucagon production will increase, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.

Formation of new connective tissue after a cut would be delayed due to a lack of ________. Multiple Choice potassium vitamin A vitamin C vitamin E

vitamin C

Ova are fertilized in the ________. Multiple Choice uterus cervix fallopian tubes vagina

fallopian tubes

What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? Multiple Choice Polar bodies Antrum Follicles Thecal cells

Polar bodies

Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis? Multiple Choice Serotonin Tyrosine Tryptophan Both tryptophan and serotonin are correct.

Tryptophan

A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a(n) ________. Multiple Choice morula blastocyst embryo zygote

morula

T lymphocytes ________. Multiple Choice differentiate in the bone marrow secrete antibodies mature in the thymus All of the choices are correct.

mature in the thymus

A patient experiencing septic shock presents with high fever and characteristic hypotension. This fast drop in blood pressure is expected, since widespread secretion of ________ from bacteria causes the innate immune system to trigger ________. Multiple Choice histamine; systemic vasodilation endotoxin; systemic vasodilation interferon; systemic vasoconstriction exotoxin; systemic vasodilation

endotoxin; systemic vasodilation

Autoimmune diseases include ________. Multiple Choice type-1 diabetes mellitus pernicious anemia aspermatogenesis All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Choose an effective medication and mechanism of action that would reduce the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergies. Multiple Choice A medication increases the population of mast cells. A medication that blocks the production of IgE. A medication that increases the production of serotonin and histamine. A medication that blocks the production of IgM.

A medication that blocks the production of IgE.

Individuals suffering from acquired immune deficiency syndrome have decreased numbers of circulating ________. Multiple Choice helper T lymphocytes B lymphocytes macrophages regulatory T lymphocytes

helper T lymphocytes

How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs? Multiple Choice Decomposes water Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules Covers the alveoli All of the choices are correct.

Reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules

A pulmonologist is examining a patient who has been smoking cigarettes for several years. The patient’s history includes frequent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. What explains the patient’s history? Multiple Choice Gas exchange is diminished by cigarette smoking, which increases the susceptibility to infection. Smoking increases ciliary movement of mucus in the airways, causing pulmonary congestion. Smoking suppresses the innate defenses in the conducting zone of the respiratory system. Macrophage activity is increased by cigarette smoking, causing inflammation.

Smoking suppresses the innate defenses in the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________. Multiple Choice compliance elasticity surface tension None of the choices are correct.

elasticity

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack ________. Multiple Choice type I alveolar cells surfactant a-antitrypsin histamine

surfactant

What type of cells form the third filtration barrier? Multiple Choice Podocytes Capillary simple squamous epithelial cells Glomerulocytes Ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells

Podocytes

Angiotensin-converting enzyme is mostly present in the capillaries of the ________. Multiple Choice lungs adrenal medulla kidneys liver

lungs

Changes in blood volume are detected by ________. Multiple Choice cells in the proximal convoluted tubule osmoreceptors in the medulla stretch receptors in the atria osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

stretch receptors in the atria

Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce ________. Multiple Choice no change in plasma ion balance decreased plasma sodium decreased plasma potassium decreased plasma chloride

decreased plasma potassium

The mixing movement of the small intestine is called ________. Multiple Choice micturition segmentation peristalsis deglutition

segmentation

Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called ________. Multiple Choice plicae rugae gastric pits ghrelin

rugae

The metabolic rate of an awake, relaxed person, 12 to 14 hours after eating, at a comfortable temperature is known as the ________. Multiple Choice metabolic rate oxidative metabolic rate average metabolic rate basal metabolic rate

basal metabolic rate

What structure keeps food from exiting from the nose during swallowing? Multiple Choice Soft palate Tongue Nasopharynx Epiglottis

Soft palate

The effects of glucagon are ________ by insulin. Multiple Choice agonized synergized enhanced opposed

opposed

The only energy source for the brain is ________. Multiple Choice glucose fatty acid glycogen protein

glucose

Bone resorption is produced by the action of ________, which return bone calcium and phosphate to the blood. Multiple Choice osteoblasts osteocytes calcitonin osteoclasts

osteoclasts

Choose the mineral that is only needed in trace amounts by the body. Multiple Choice Calcium Sodium Iron Potassium

iron

Which structure would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men? Multiple Choice A Y chromosome 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes A Barr body An X chromosome

A Barr body

Which of the following is a precursor to melatonin synthesis? Multiple Choice Serotonin Tyrosine Both tryptophan and serotonin are correct. Tryptophan

Tryptophan

What occurs during spermiogenesis? Multiple Choice Chromosomes are compacted by protamines Flagellum and acrosome form Cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells All of the choices are correct.

all are correct

The Contraceptive Pill contains ________. Multiple Choice progesterone FSH estrogen and progesterone estrogen

estrogen and progesterone

Autoimmune diseases include ________. Multiple Choice type-1 diabetes mellitus pernicious anemia aspermatogenesis All of the choices are correct.

all of the choices are correct

Which of the following would NOT be an effective method of producing a vaccine? Multiple Choice Use recombinant viral proteins Use live, attenuated viruses Use cloned antibodies Use killed, virulent viruses

Use cloned antibodies

Blocking the ________ receptor on helper T lymphocytes may inhibit activation by antigen-presenting cells. Multiple Choice IL-6 CD25 MHC CD4

CD4

Which of the following is a secreted enzyme that destroys bacteria? Multiple Choice Interferon Chemotaxin Complement Lysozyme

Lysozyme

Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at an inflamed site? Multiple Choice Neutrophils Monocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

Neutrophils

The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is ________. Multiple Choice oxyhemoglobin carboxyhemoglobin deoxyhemoglobin methemoglobin

oxyhemoglobin

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack ________. Multiple Choice type I alveolar cells a-antitrypsin surfactant histamine

surfactant

Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because ________. Multiple Choice there are about 750 square feet of alveoli membrane alveoli are one cell thick the air-blood barrier is two cells thick All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? Multiple Choice Increased pH, decreased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG

Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG

Antidiuretic hormone ________. Multiple Choice stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane is secreted in response to dehydration All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as ________. Multiple Choice renal clearance micturition glomerular filtration reabsorption

renal clearance

Destruction or loss of the ________ could cause albumin levels in the urine to increase. Multiple Choice glomerular basement membrane parietal layer of the capsule slit diaphragm capillary fenestrae

slit diaphragm

If blood glucose was elevated in the urine, which of the following changes to occur in the body? Multiple Choice Increased aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex Increased glucose carriers in the renal tubules Increased permeability to water in the collecting duct Increased GFR

Increased permeability to water in the collecting duct

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with ________. Multiple Choice acid reflux pancreatitis hiatal hernia peptic ulcers

peptic ulcers

Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of ________. Multiple Choice hydrochloric acid pepsinogen mucus gastrin

hydrochloric acid

Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the ________ cells were destroyed. Multiple Choice chief or zymogenic D cells parietal goblet

chief or zymogenic

Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description? Multiple Choice Peristalsis—rhythmic, wave-like contractions Mastication—removal of wastes Ingestion—taking food into the mouth Deglutition—swallowing

Mastication—removal of wastes

Bone resorption is produced by the action of ________, which return bone calcium and phosphate to the blood. Multiple Choice calcitonin osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes

osteoclasts

Type II diabetes mellitus ________. Multiple Choice results from a deficiency of insulin is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic beta cells results from a decrease in the effectiveness of insulin on body tissues is characterized by destruction of the pancreatic alpha cells

results from a decrease in the effectiveness of insulin on body tissues

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

Strict vegetarians may be susceptible to ________. Multiple Choice night blindness anemia abnormally low blood glucose levels scurvy

anemia

Ova are fertilized in the ________. Multiple Choice fallopian tubes cervix vagina uterus

fallopian tubes

How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? Multiple Choice 22 pairs 46 23 pairs 2 pairs

22 pairs

The Contraceptive Pill contains ________. Multiple Choice estrogen and progesterone estrogen FSH progesterone

estrogen and progesterone

What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? Multiple Choice Polar bodies Follicles Thecal cells Antrum

Polar bodies

Cells infected by viruses present the viral antigens on ________ to T cells. Multiple Choice class-2 MHC molecules CD4 coreceptors CD8 coreceptors class-1 MHC molecules

class-1 MHC molecules

Blocking the ________ receptor on helper T lymphocytes may inhibit activation by antigen-presenting cells. Multiple Choice CD25 IL-6 MHC CD4

CD4

Antigen-presenting cells are necessary for ________ response to a foreign antigen. Multiple Choice macrophage T lymphocyte antibody B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

Which of the following is an example of delayed hypersensitivity? Multiple Choice Contact dermatitis IgE secretion Hay fever All of the choices are correct.

Contact dermatitis

Which of the following would NOT be an effective method of producing a vaccine? Multiple Choice Use live, attenuated viruses Use recombinant viral proteins Use killed, virulent viruses Use cloned antibodies

Use cloned antibodies

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ________. Multiple Choice can be used to promote wound healing is used to treat nitrogen narcosis exposes patients to high oxygen under low pressure would increase the time required to recover from decompression sickness

can be used to promote wound healing

all are correct

Smoking suppresses the innate defenses in the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

What is the normal value of arterial percent hemoglobin saturation? Multiple Choice 90% 97% 86% 100%

97%

Destruction or loss of the ________ could cause albumin levels in the urine to increase. Multiple Choice glomerular basement membrane parietal layer of the capsule slit diaphragm capillary fenestrae

slit diaphragm

The ________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules. Multiple Choice peritubular capillary vasa recta interlobar capillary glomerulus

glomerulus

Neurohypophyseal secretion of ________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine. Multiple Choice antidiuretic hormone angiotensin I aldosterone renin

antidiuretic hormone

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as ________. Multiple Choice renal clearance glomerular filtration micturition reabsorption

renal clearance

The combination of chewed food and saliva is called ________. Multiple Choice pylorus hiatal chyme a bolus

a bolus

The mixing movement of the small intestine is called ________. Multiple Choice peristalsis micturition deglutition segmentation

segmentation

While considered an organ of the gastrointestinal system, the ________ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple Choice small intestine liver esophagus pharynx

liver

Which of the following disorders occurs as a result of acidic gastric juice traveling up into the esophagus? Multiple Choice Pernicious anemia Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gastritis Gastroenteritis

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Bone resorption is produced by the action of ________, which return bone calcium and phosphate to the blood. Multiple Choice osteocytes osteoblasts calcitonin osteoclasts

osteoclasts

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

Formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules is called ________. Multiple Choice ketogenesis gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis

gluconeogenesis

Choose the mineral that is only needed in trace amounts by the body. Multiple Choice Calcium Potassium Iron Sodium

Iron

The most successful method of contraception is ________. Multiple Choice oral contraceptives vasectomy the rhythm method condom usage

vasectomy

What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast cells of the chorion that is used in a pregnancy test to determine if a woman is pregnant? Multiple Choice LH hCG Oxytocin Estrogen

hCG

Ova are fertilized in the ________. Multiple Choice uterus cervix fallopian tubes vagina

fallopian tubes

What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases? Multiple Choice Genomic Epigenetic Mutation None of the choices are correct.

Epigenetic

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is able to cause widespread immunodeficiency because ________. Multiple Choice the HIV virus blocks the activation of the complement system the HIV virus interferes with activation of both B cells and T cells the HIV virus infiltrates the cells responsible for innate immunity, the first line of defense against pathogens through infection of T cells, HIV prevents the product of antibodies against the virus

the HIV virus interferes with activation of both B cells and T cells

The two categories of immune defensive mechanisms are ________ and ________. Multiple Choice passive immunity; active immunity innate (nonspecific) immunity; adaptive (specific) immunity heavy immunity; light immunity direct immunity; indirect immunity

innate (nonspecific) immunity; adaptive (specific) immunity

Antigen-presenting cells are necessary for ________ response to a foreign antigen. Multiple Choice T lymphocyte macrophage antibody B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

Which of the following would NOT be an effective method of producing a vaccine? Multiple Choice Use live, attenuated viruses Use cloned antibodies Use killed, virulent viruses Use recombinant viral proteins

Use cloned antibodies

A class-2 MHC molecule is used to present a foreign antigen to ________. Multiple Choice regulatory T cells cytotoxic T cells helper T cells B lymphocyte

helper T cells

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ________. Multiple Choice is used to treat nitrogen narcosis would increase the time required to recover from decompression sickness exposes patients to high oxygen under low pressure can be used to promote wound healing

can be used to promote wound healing

Hypoventilation can correct ________. Multiple Choice respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis

metabolic alkalosis

Blood flow is greatest at the ________ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ________ of the lungs. Multiple Choice base; base apex; base apex; apex base; apex

base; base

Cessation of breathing is known as ________. Multiple Choice eupnea dyspnea pneumothorax apnea

apnea

Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce ________. Multiple Choice no change in plasma ion balance decreased plasma potassium decreased plasma chloride decreased plasma sodium

decreased plasma potassium

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus respond to decreased blood volume and increased sympathetic nerve activity by secreting ________. Multiple Choice inulin natriuretic hormone renin angiotensinogen

renin

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the ________. Multiple Choice nephron loop Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct. vasa recta peritubular capillaries

Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct.

Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ________ and ________. Multiple Choice water; bile lipase; bile bile; bicarbonate hydrochloric acid; pepsin

lipase; bile

While considered an organ of the gastrointestinal system, the ________ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple Choice liver esophagus small intestine pharynx

liver

Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of ________. Multiple Choice hydrochloric acid gastrin pepsinogen mucus

hydrochloric acid

If plasma levels of ________ were low, excessive cholesterol may be deposited throughout the body tissues, and cardiovascular risk could increase. Multiple Choice very low-density lipoprotein high-density lipoprotein medium-density lipoprotein low-density lipoprotein

high-density lipoprotein

Which condition is NOT found in metabolic syndrome? Multiple Choice Central obesity Insulin resistance Hypotension Dyslipidemia

Hypotension

If a thyroid tumor were to result in hypersecretion of calcitonin, we would expect ________. Multiple Choice a decreased level of osteoclast activity a rise in blood calcium concentration increasingly brittle bones a reduced rate of endochondral ossification

a decreased level of osteoclast activity

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

The ________ provides enzymes that allow the sperm to digest a pathway through the zona pellucida to the oocyte. Multiple Choice chorion acrosome blastocyst zygote

acrosome

A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a(n) ________. Multiple Choice embryo morula zygote blastocyst

morula

Which is NOT characteristic of a mature ovarian follicle? Multiple Choice The oocyte has completed meiosis II Contains a secondary oocyte Has a fluid-filled antrum Granulosa cells secrete estradiol

The oocyte has completed meiosis II

What occurs during spermiogenesis? Multiple Choice Chromosomes are compacted by protamines Flagellum and acrosome form Cytoplasm removed by Sertoli cells All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The ________ immune response occurs faster, is stronger, and lasts longer than the ________ immune response. Multiple Choice secondary; tertiary secondary; primary primary; secondary tertiary; primary

secondary; primary

Autoimmune diseases include ________. Multiple Choice type-1 diabetes mellitus pernicious anemia aspermatogenesis All of the choices are correct.

all

The ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis is called ________. Multiple Choice extravasation chemotaxis complementation opsonization

opsonization

Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure. Multiple Choice decrease; decrease increase; decrease increase; increase decrease; increase

increase; decrease

Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the ________. Multiple Choice aortic and carotid bodies medulla oblongata pons lungs

aortic and carotid bodies

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________. Multiple Choice inspiratory reserve volume residual volume tidal volume vital capacity

tidal volume

In anemia, 2,3-DPG is ________ and oxygen affinity is ________. Multiple Choice increased; increased decreased; increased decreased; decreased increased; decreased

increased; decreased

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the ________. Multiple Choice peritubular capillaries Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct. vasa recta nephron loop

Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct.

Neurohypophyseal secretion of ________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine. Multiple Choice aldosterone renin antidiuretic hormone angiotensin I

antidiuretic hormone

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures? Multiple Choice Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule Nephron loop, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule Proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule (BPND)

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the ________. Multiple Choice base of the nephron loop cortical portion of the collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule

base of the nephron loop

Acidic chyme is buffered by ________ secreted from the pancreas. Multiple Choice ammonia mucus bicarbonate urea

bicarbonate

If an individual consumes excess calories in the form of carbohydrates, the excess energy is stored as ________. Multiple Choice skeletal muscle glycogen adipose tissue structural carbohydrates

adipose tissue

Antihistamines would directly limit the gastric secretion of ________. Multiple Choice mucus gastrin pepsinogen hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid

Jaundice is characterized by high blood levels of ________, often caused by obstruction of the bile duct by gallstones. Multiple Choice free bilirubin urobilinogen conjugated bilirubin None of the choices are correct.

conjugated bilirubin

What is the major function of brown adipose tissue? Multiple Choice Decreasing metabolic rate Shivering thermogenesis Decrease body temperature Nonshivering thermogenesis

Nonshivering thermogenesis

Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone? Multiple Choice Stimulated osteoblasts to deposit calcium Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium Stimulates formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb calcium

Stimulated osteoblasts to deposit calcium

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

A ball of about eight cells formed about 50 to 60 hours after fertilization is called a(n) ________. Multiple Choice zygote embryo blastocyst morula

morula

The LH surge causes ________. Multiple Choice menses ovulation endometrium build-up All of the choices are correct.

ovulation

A surge in LH causes your ovary to release an egg around the second week of each menstrual cycle. A high LH level around this time means that you're at that moment in your cycle when you're most likely to get pregnant.

Infants that are breastfed receive ________ from the mother. Multiple Choice IgA IgE IgG IgF

IgA

Women who under prolonged stress and chronic energy imbalance may experience cessation of menstruation or ________. Multiple Choice menopause functional amenorrhea dysmenorrhea primary amenorrhea

functional amenorrhea

The ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis is called ________. Multiple Choice opsonization extravasation complementation chemotaxis

opsonizationCorrect

Blood flow is greatest at the ________ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ________ of the lungs. Multiple Choice apex; apex base; apex apex; base base; base

base; base

Hypoventilation can correct ________. Multiple Choice metabolic alkalosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis

metabolic alkalosis

A patient with hypertension and poorly controlled diabetes complains of frequent urination. She does not take any medications yet for these conditions. What can explain her complaint? Multiple Choice Renal autoregulation prevents blood glucose from entering the filtrate, but the pressure in the glomerulus increases filtrate production. Glomerular filtration rate decreases in response to excessive stretch of the glomerular capillaries in hypertension. Sympathetic stimulation increases when blood pressure increases, which causes dilation of the afferent arterioles. Blood glucose increases the osmotic pressure in the tubules, causing increased urine production.

Blood glucose increases the osmotic pressure in the tubules, causing increased urine production.

Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat ________. Multiple Choice polycystic kidney disease acute renal failure glomerulonephritis renal calculi

renal calculi

What role do bile salts play in digestion? Multiple Choice Needed for water reabsorption They play no role in digestion. Gives color to the feces Emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes

Emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes

Which of the following is true of type 1 diabetes mellitus? Multiple Choice Lack of insulin leads to hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis. Lack of insulin leads to hypertension and decreased fatty acids in the blood. Lack of insulin causes a decrease in glucagon production. Glucagon production will increase, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.

Glucagon production will increase, which leads to hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis.

Destruction of which pancreatic cells would cause hyperglycemia? Multiple Choice Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells None of the choices are correct.

Beta cells

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

If a thyroid tumor were to result in hypersecretion of calcitonin, we would expect ________. Multiple Choice a decreased level of osteoclast activity a reduced rate of endochondral ossification a rise in blood calcium concentration increasingly brittle bones

a decreased level of osteoclast activity

What type of genetic change occurs when an allele is silenced by methylation of cytosine bases? Multiple Choice Genomic Epigenetic Mutation None of the choices are correct.

Epigenetic

What hormone triggers ovulation? Multiple Choice hCG Progesterone LH FSHC

Colostrum is high in ________, which helps to confer immunity to an infant during the first year of life. Multiple Choice IgG IgE IgD IgA

IgA

T lymphocytes ________. Multiple Choice differentiate in the bone marrow secrete antibodies mature in the thymus All of the choices are correct.

mature in the thymus

Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the ________. Multiple Choice medulla oblongata aortic and carotid bodies lungs pons

aortic and carotid bodies

Cessation of breathing is known as ________. Multiple Choice dyspnea eupnea apnea pneumothorax

apnea

A pH above 7.45 is considered ________. Multiple Choice normal acidosis alkalosis metabolic

alkalosis

Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat ________. Multiple Choice renal calculi acute renal failure glomerulonephritis polycystic kidney disease

renal calculi

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as ________. Multiple Choice micturition reabsorption renal clearance glomerular filtration

renal clearance

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the ________. Multiple Choice Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct. nephron loop peritubular capillaries vasa recta

Both vasa recta and nephron loop are correct.

Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the ________ cells were destroyed. Multiple Choice chief or zymogenic D cells parietal goblet

chief or zymogenic

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with ________. Multiple Choice pancreatitis hiatal hernia acid reflux peptic ulcers

peptic ulcers

Long folds of the stomach's inner surface are called ________. Multiple Choice ghrelin gastric pits rugae plicae

rugae

Osteoclast (growth or function) is inhibited by ________. Multiple Choice calcitonin osteoprotegerin osteoblasts All of the choices are correct.

all correct

Destruction of which pancreatic cells would cause hyperglycemia? Multiple Choice Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells None of the choices are correct.

Beta cells

How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia? Multiple Choice One Four Eight Two

One

What distinguishes cytotoxic T cells from other T lymphocytes? Multiple Choice Their site of differentiation Their ability to stimulate the production of the T lymphocytes, as well as B lymphocytes Their role in cell-mediated immunity, rather than humoral immunity Their ability to destroy a normal cell that is infected with a pathogen

Their ability to destroy a normal cell that is infected with a pathogen

The foramen ovale ________. Multiple Choice normally shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance normally shunts blood between the right and left ventricles has no importance in fetal respiratory physiology

closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance

Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of ________ to form in the blood. Multiple Choice carbon dioxide carbon monoxide nitrogen oxygen

nitrogen

The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is ________ per day. Multiple Choice 800 mL 600 mL 300 mL 400 mL

400 mL

Which condition is NOT found in metabolic syndrome? Multiple Choice Central obesity Hypotension Insulin resistance Dyslipidemia

Hypotension

Which substance is made by the delta cells of the pancreas? Multiple Choice Glucose Somatostatin Glucagon All of the choices are correct.

Somatostatin

Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone? Multiple Choice Stimulated osteoblasts to deposit calcium Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb calcium Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium Stimulates formation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

Stimulated osteoblasts to deposit calcium

What are the small cells produced by the uneven cytoplasmic divisions or oogenesis? Multiple Choice Follicles Polar bodies Antrum Thecal cells

Polar bodies

How many autosomal chromosomes are present in human cells? Multiple Choice 22 pairs 46 2 pairs 23 pairs

22 pairs

You are diagnosed with the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, causing your immune system to produce antibodies against specific tissues in your body. This best represents a failure of ________. Multiple Choice innate immunity clonal-anergy, because lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens are not being activated central tolerance, because lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens are not being activated clonal-deletion, because lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens are not being destroyed

clonal-deletion, because lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens are not being destroyed

The ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis is called ________. Multiple Choice chemotaxis extravasation opsonization complementation

opsonizationCorrect

If blood glucose was elevated in the urine, which of the following changes to occur in the body? Multiple Choice Increased GFR Increased glucose carriers in the renal tubules Increased aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex Increased permeability to water in the collecting duct

Increased permeability to water in the collecting duct

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