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EXCI 360 EXAM 2 > Studying the nervous system > Flashcards

Studying the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the distribution of genes

A
  • Expressed in nervous system =
    6000 genes
  • Ubiquitous, expressed in all
    cell and tissue types = 8000
    genes
  • Not expressed in nervous
    system = 6000 genes
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2
Q

What is the function of the sensory systems

A

To report information about state of organism and its environment

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3
Q

What is the function of the motor systems

A

To organize and generate actions

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4
Q

What does the associational systems provide

A

Higher order brain functions:
perception, attention, memory, emotions, language and thinking

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5
Q

What are the two main parts of the central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What ae the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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7
Q

What does the central nervous system contain

A

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

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8
Q

What are the sensory components of the peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory ganglia, sensory nerves, sensory receptors (at surface and within the body

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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor components of the PNS

A

Visceral motor system and somatic motor system

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10
Q

What composes the visceral motor system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric divisions, autonomic ganglia and autonomic nerves

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11
Q

What composes the somatic motor system

A

Motor nerves

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12
Q

What stimulates the sensory components

A

Internal and external environment

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13
Q

What are the effectors of the motor components for the visceral and somatic systems

A

Visceral: smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
Somatic: Skeletal (striated) muscles

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14
Q

What are the primary components of neural systems

A

Neural circuits

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15
Q

What are neurons specialized for

A

electrical signaling, mostly over long distances

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16
Q

What does the glia support

A

Signaling functions of nerve cells

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17
Q

T/F more dendrites = more information reception

A

True

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18
Q

What is a gap junction

A

Intercellular continuities between neurons that allow direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals

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19
Q

What is a location that receives electrical signals

A

The heart

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20
Q

What is a chemical synapse

A

Contacts with no continuity between neurons

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21
Q

What do ions flow through in order to cross the post synaptic membrane

A

gap junction channels

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22
Q

What is the axon hillock

A

Where the cell body transitions into the axon

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23
Q

What is the conduction component of the neuron

A

The axon

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24
Q

What are the 4 phases of an action potential

A

resting potential, depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization

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25
Q

Where can the output of the neuron alter activities of other cells

A

At the presynaptic axon terminals

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26
Q

Define convergence

A

Number of inputs to neuron

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27
Q

Define divergence

A

Number of targets innervated by neuron

28
Q

T/F Glial cells participate directly in synaptic transmission or electrical signaling

A

False, they do not participate

29
Q

What is the function of an astrocyte

A

To maintain the chemical environment for neuronal signaling and secrete substances that influence the formation of new synaptic connections

30
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

They form the myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

31
Q

What is the equivalent to oligodendrocytes in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

32
Q

What do microglia do

A

They are scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from injury sites or normal cell turnover

33
Q

What is the afferent neural circuit

A

Afferent neurons send electrical signals to the brain and spinal cord

34
Q

What are interneurons neural circuits

A

Local circuitry located between sensory and motor neurons

35
Q

What is the efferent neuron circuit

A

Sends electrical signal to the muscle or gland

36
Q

What is a neurophil

A

A tangle of axonal and dendritic branches

37
Q

Where do neurophils synapse

A

Between the axonal and dendritic brances

38
Q

What is grey matter

A

region of cell bodies and neurophil in the brain and spinal cord

39
Q

What is white matter

A

Axon tracts and commisures

40
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Gray matter where there us concentration of neurons with similar connections and functions

41
Q

What is the cortex

A

Sheetlike arrays of nerve cells

42
Q

What are tracts

A

Bundles of central axons

43
Q

What are columns

A

subdivisions of white and gray matter

44
Q

What are nerves

A

Bundle of peripheral axons

45
Q

What are ganglia

A

Local accumulation of nerve cell bodies supporting cells in the PNS

46
Q

what is the first step of a knee jerk response

A

Hammer tap stretches tendon, which in turn stretches sensory receptors in the leg extensor muscle

47
Q

2A 2B 2C knee jerk response

A

2A: Sensory neurons synapses with and excites motor neuron in the spinal cord
2B: Sensory neuron also excites spinal interneuron
2C: Interneuron synapse inhibits motor neuron to flexor muscles

48
Q

3A 3B knee jerk

A

3A: Motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on extensor muscle fibers, causing contraction
3B: Flexor muscle relaxes because the activity of its motor neurons has been inhibited

49
Q

Step 4 in knee jerk

A

Leg extends

50
Q

What are the three locations in the electrophysiological recording

A

Receptive field (center), receptive field (surrounding), outside receptive field

51
Q

What causes changes in fluorescence intensity

A

Electrical activity or calcium transients in the cells’ cytoplasm

52
Q

Explain post mortem studies

A

Inferences of functional localization by correlating behavioral deficits to damaged brain structures

53
Q

Explain animal studies

A

Purposefully damaging a brain region, nerve or tract and observing subsequent loss of function

54
Q

Explain a pneumoencephalogram

A

Injecting the ventricles with air makes them more translucent than the surrounding tissue. This allows the ventricular space to be seen clearly

55
Q

Explain an angiogram

A

Injecting contrast agent into the circulation reveals the blood vessels within the brain.

56
Q

What limits use for a pneumoencephalogram and angiogram

A

Risks and discomfort

57
Q

What two methods are used for indirect imaging of functional localization and maps

A

ElectroEncephalography and Transcranial magnetic stimulation

58
Q

In an EEG what is detected, amplified and mapped with reference to each electrode’s position on the head.

A

The net electrical activity from each point in the scalp electrode array

59
Q

In a TMG what is briefly disrupted by the magnetic pulses leading into the transient change in behavioral performance

A

Activity in the underlying cortical tissue

60
Q

What does a computerized tomography use

A

An arrow x-ray beam and a row of very sensitive detectors to probe small portions of tissue with limited radiation exposure

61
Q

What rotates around the head in a CT scan

A

X-ray tube and detectors to collect information form every orientation around a narrow slice

62
Q

What is the MRI based of off

A

Atomic motion

63
Q

What does CT stand for

A

Computerized tomography

64
Q

What does MRI stand for

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

65
Q

Explain steps of functional MRI

A

Brain area activated by a specific task, it uses more oxygen, brain vasculature responds by increasing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the active area

66
Q

T/F FMRI is usually the favored approach

A

true

67
Q

What does the MEG record

A

Magnetic consequences of brain electrical activity rather than electrical signals

EXCI 360 EXAM 2 (2 decks)

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