Studying the nervous system

Question 1

What is the distribution of genes

Answer 1

• Expressed in nervous system =
  6000 genes
• Ubiquitous, expressed in all
  cell and tissue types = 8000
  genes
• Not expressed in nervous
  system = 6000 genes

Question 2

What is the function of the sensory systems

Answer 2

To report information about state of organism and its environment

Question 3

What is the function of the motor systems

Answer 3

To organize and generate actions

Question 4

What does the associational systems provide

Answer 4

Higher order brain functions:
perception, attention, memory, emotions, language and thinking

Question 5

What are the two main parts of the central nervous system

Answer 5

Brain and spinal cord

Question 6

What ae the two main parts of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 6

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 7

What does the central nervous system contain

Answer 7

Cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 8

What are the sensory components of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 8

Sensory ganglia, sensory nerves, sensory receptors (at surface and within the body

Question 9

What are the two divisions of the motor components of the PNS

Answer 9

Visceral motor system and somatic motor system

Question 10

What composes the visceral motor system

Answer 10

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric divisions, autonomic ganglia and autonomic nerves

Question 11

What composes the somatic motor system

Answer 11

Motor nerves

Question 12

What stimulates the sensory components

Answer 12

Internal and external environment

Question 13

What are the effectors of the motor components for the visceral and somatic systems

Answer 13

Visceral: smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands
Somatic: Skeletal (striated) muscles

Question 14

What are the primary components of neural systems

Answer 14

Neural circuits

Question 15

What are neurons specialized for

Answer 15

electrical signaling, mostly over long distances

Question 16

What does the glia support

Answer 16

Signaling functions of nerve cells

Question 17

T/F more dendrites = more information reception

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is a gap junction

Answer 18

Intercellular continuities between neurons that allow direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals

Question 19

What is a location that receives electrical signals

Answer 19

The heart

Question 20

What is a chemical synapse

Answer 20

Contacts with no continuity between neurons

Question 21

What do ions flow through in order to cross the post synaptic membrane

Answer 21

gap junction channels

Question 22

What is the axon hillock

Answer 22

Where the cell body transitions into the axon

Question 23

What is the conduction component of the neuron

Answer 23

The axon

Question 24

What are the 4 phases of an action potential

Answer 24

resting potential, depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization

Question 25

Where can the output of the neuron alter activities of other cells

Answer 25

At the presynaptic axon terminals

Question 26

Define convergence

Answer 26

Number of inputs to neuron

Question 27

Define divergence

Answer 27

Number of targets innervated by neuron

Question 28

T/F Glial cells participate directly in synaptic transmission or electrical signaling

Answer 28

False, they do not participate

Question 29

What is the function of an astrocyte

Answer 29

To maintain the chemical environment for neuronal signaling and secrete substances that influence the formation of new synaptic connections

Question 30

What is the function of oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

They form the myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

Question 31

What is the equivalent to oligodendrocytes in the PNS

Answer 31

Schwann cells

Question 32

What do microglia do

Answer 32

They are scavenger cells that remove cellular debris from injury sites or normal cell turnover

Question 33

What is the afferent neural circuit

Answer 33

Afferent neurons send electrical signals to the brain and spinal cord

Question 34

What are interneurons neural circuits

Answer 34

Local circuitry located between sensory and motor neurons

Question 35

What is the efferent neuron circuit

Answer 35

Sends electrical signal to the muscle or gland

Question 36

What is a neurophil

Answer 36

A tangle of axonal and dendritic branches

Question 37

Where do neurophils synapse

Answer 37

Between the axonal and dendritic brances

Question 38

What is grey matter

Answer 38

region of cell bodies and neurophil in the brain and spinal cord

Question 39

What is white matter

Answer 39

Axon tracts and commisures

Question 40

What is the nucleus

Answer 40

Gray matter where there us concentration of neurons with similar connections and functions

Question 41

What is the cortex

Answer 41

Sheetlike arrays of nerve cells

Question 42

What are tracts

Answer 42

Bundles of central axons

Question 43

What are columns

Answer 43

subdivisions of white and gray matter

Question 44

What are nerves

Answer 44

Bundle of peripheral axons

Question 45

What are ganglia

Answer 45

Local accumulation of nerve cell bodies supporting cells in the PNS

Question 46

what is the first step of a knee jerk response

Answer 46

Hammer tap stretches tendon, which in turn stretches sensory receptors in the leg extensor muscle

Question 47

2A 2B 2C knee jerk response

Answer 47

2A: Sensory neurons synapses with and excites motor neuron in the spinal cord 2B: Sensory neuron also excites spinal interneuron 2C: Interneuron synapse inhibits motor neuron to flexor muscles

Question 48

3A 3B knee jerk

Answer 48

3A: Motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on extensor muscle fibers, causing contraction 3B: Flexor muscle relaxes because the activity of its motor neurons has been inhibited

Question 49

Step 4 in knee jerk

Answer 49

Leg extends

Question 50

What are the three locations in the electrophysiological recording

Answer 50

Receptive field (center), receptive field (surrounding), outside receptive field

Question 51

What causes changes in fluorescence intensity

Answer 51

Electrical activity or calcium transients in the cells' cytoplasm

Question 52

Explain post mortem studies

Answer 52

Inferences of functional localization by correlating behavioral deficits to damaged brain structures

Question 53

Explain animal studies

Answer 53

Purposefully damaging a brain region, nerve or tract and observing subsequent loss of function

Question 54

Explain a pneumoencephalogram

Answer 54

Injecting the ventricles with air makes them more translucent than the surrounding tissue. This allows the ventricular space to be seen clearly

Question 55

Explain an angiogram

Answer 55

Injecting contrast agent into the circulation reveals the blood vessels within the brain.

Question 56

What limits use for a pneumoencephalogram and angiogram

Answer 56

Risks and discomfort

Question 57

What two methods are used for indirect imaging of functional localization and maps

Answer 57

ElectroEncephalography and Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 58

In an EEG what is detected, amplified and mapped with reference to each electrode's position on the head.

Answer 58

The net electrical activity from each point in the scalp electrode array

Question 59

In a TMG what is briefly disrupted by the magnetic pulses leading into the transient change in behavioral performance

Answer 59

Activity in the underlying cortical tissue

Question 60

What does a computerized tomography use

Answer 60

An arrow x-ray beam and a row of very sensitive detectors to probe small portions of tissue with limited radiation exposure

Question 61

What rotates around the head in a CT scan

Answer 61

X-ray tube and detectors to collect information form every orientation around a narrow slice

Question 62

What is the MRI based of off

Answer 62

Atomic motion

Question 63

What does CT stand for

Answer 63

Computerized tomography

Question 64

What does MRI stand for

Answer 64

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 65

Explain steps of functional MRI

Answer 65

Brain area activated by a specific task, it uses more oxygen, brain vasculature responds by increasing the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the active area

Question 66

T/F FMRI is usually the favored approach

Answer 66

true

Question 67

What does the MEG record

Answer 67

Magnetic consequences of brain electrical activity rather than electrical signals