stuff that didnt come up so paper 3 shit Flashcards
(22 cards)
define a lymphocyte
white blood cell
b cells and t cells
exocytosis
the process by which the hydrolysed/dead prdoucts are released from the phagosome
lysosomes
bags of digestive enzymes- hydrolytic enzymes
lysozomes
bone marrow
is the place where lymphocytes are made depending on where they mature theyd become b lymphocytes or t lymphocytes.
if they mature in bone marrow- b lymphocytes
thymus gland- tlymphocytes
humoral responce
includes the use of antibodies and b cells so this is within the blood
phagocyte becomes an antigen presenting cell then..
receptors on specific t lymphocytes will bind to the antigens on the apc. this will activate the t cell to divide rapidly by mitosis forming clones- indentical cells
the cloned t cells develop into memory cells which enable rapid responce to future infections by same pathogen
stimulate phagocytosis- phagocytes engulfing pathogens
activate cytotoxic t cells
stimulation of plasma b cells to divide and secrete antibody
cytotoxic cells
types of t cells- they embed perforin (type of protei) within the plasma membrane of infected cells essentially making holes. plasma membrane becomes freely permeable so can not regulate substances that enter and leave
cell death. (this is crucial especially when we have viruses as they replicate inside host)
antigen antibody complex
when the antibodies variable region binds to the antigen
agglutination occurs-bacterial cells get clumpoed together and activating phagocytosis
direct monocolonal antibody therapy
cancer cells have specific antigens on their membrane. so antibodies produced with rece[ptors complementary to antigen. binding. blocks chemicals from reaching canvcer cell and causing it to divide
bullet drugs
indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
cytotoxic or radiocative drugs associated with monoclonal antibody specific to cancerous cells
killed
producing the monoclonal antibodies
first youd inject the animal with the specific antigen you want am antibody for
body will prdocude b cells and antibodies- antibodies will be extracted
vaccination
introducing the antigen directly into the bloodstream via an injection. a vaccination contains a dead or weakened form of a pathogen or simply an antigen.
memory cells will be produced which remain in the blood stream for a duration of time and allow for a secondary immune responce
herd immunity
when a large number of people get vaccinated and will protect unvaccinated people. enough people immune to the disease theirs a lesser change of an unvaccinated vulnerable person getting it
antigenetic vulnerwability
if pathogen has rates of mutations. genes change so different antigens so antibodies produced previously will not work
wheres amylase produced and what does it do and where
salivary glands and pancrease
catalyses the initial hydrolysis of starch into amylase by hydrolysing the glycosidic bonds between the glucose monomers. this happens in the mouth and in the small intestine
what happens when adh binds to receptors on on the membrane of cells at the collecting duct
trigger enzyme adenyl cyclase to make camp. camp acts as a second messenger and triggers vesciles (containing aqaporins to move and fuse with the cell surface membrane. water moves through these aqaporins and enters the cell by osmosis. then carried away into the blood
walls of collecting duct more permable to water
when water potential of blood too high
posterior pituarity triggered to release less adh. aquaporins return back to vescicles. walls of collecting duct less permeable to urine. larger volume of dilute urine produced
what makes dna negative
the phosphate groups so the move to the positive charge
the gel creates
the vntrs of people differ
resistance making it more difficult for the longer dna VNTRS to move further
