stuff to do with arrhythmias

Question 1

complications of atrial fibrillation

Answer 1

stroke

Question 2

symptoms of atrial fibrillation

Answer 2

chest pain

palpitations

Question 3

ECG diagnosis of atrial fibrillation

Answer 3

no P wave

Question 4

treatment of atrial fibrillation

Answer 4

beta blocker for rate control
digoxin
cardioversion for rhythm control

Question 5

pathology of atrial fibrillation

Answer 5

AVN receives overload of depolarisation

Question 6

pathology of atrial flutter

Answer 6

re-entrant circuit within the right atrium

Question 7

symptoms of atrial flutter

Answer 7

hard/fast heart beat
difficulty breathing
chest discomfort
syncope

Question 8

complications of atrial flutter

Answer 8

blood clots

Question 9

treatment of atrial flutter

Answer 9

rhythm control - amiodarone, cardioversion

rate control - beta blocker

Question 10

ECG diagnosis of atrial flutter

Answer 10

regular rate of 300bpm
ventricular rate determined by AV conduction ratio - usually 2:1
sawtooth in II, III, aVF
narrow QRS complex

Question 11

ECG diagnosis of left BBB

Answer 11

WiLLiaM
W pattern in v1
M pattern in v2

Question 12

ECG diagnosis of right BBB

Answer 12

MaRRoW
M pattern in v1
W pattern in v6

Question 13

pathology of heart block

Answer 13

disrupted passage of electrical impulse through AVN

Question 14

symptoms of heart block

Answer 14

dizzy
light-headed
palpitations

Question 15

complications of heart block

Answer 15

missed beats

syncope

Question 16

complications of 3rd degree heart block

Answer 16

bradycardia –> haemodynamic compromise

Question 17

treatment of heart block

Answer 17

artificial pacemaker

Question 18

ECG signs of 1st degree heart block

Answer 18

PR interval is prolonged and unchanging

no missed beat

Question 19

ECG signs of 2nd degree heat block - Mobitz I

Answer 19

PR interval becomes longer and longer until a QRS is missed, then the pattern resets (Wenckebach phenomenon)

Question 20

ECG signs of 2nd degree heart block - Mobitz II

Answer 20

QRS regularly missed (e.g. 2:1)

may progress to complete heart block

Question 21

ECG signs of 3rd degree heart block

Answer 21

complete heart block

P waves and QRS appear completely independent of one another

Question 22

pathology of sinus tachycardia

Answer 22

high frequency of normal impulse initiation from SAN

Question 23

complications of sinus tachycardia

Answer 23

ischaemia or valvular disease due to increased myocardial demand

Question 24

treatment of sinus tachycardia

Answer 24

treat the cause

beta blockers

Question 25

ECG diagnosis of sinus tachycardia

Answer 25

rate >100 regular rhythm shortened PR interval shortened but morphologically normal QRS

Question 26

symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia

Answer 26

palpitations faintness chest pain

Question 27

ECG diagnosis of supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 27

narrow QRS complex (but varies for each condition)

Question 28

4 main types of supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 28

atrial fibrillation paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome atrial flutter

Question 29

pathology of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 29

fast heart rate due to improper electrical activity in the ventricles

Question 30

symptoms of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 30

palpitations and chest pain

Question 31

complications of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 31

cardiac arrest | ventricular fibrillation

Question 32

treatment of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 32

defibrillation cardioversion calcium channel blockers

Question 33

ECG diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia

Answer 33

heart rate above 120bpm and at least 3 wide QRS complexes in a row

Question 34

ECG sign of hypercalcaemia

Answer 34

QT shortening

Question 35

ECG sign of hypocalcaemia

Answer 35

QT prolongation

Question 36

pathology of ventricular atopic beat

Answer 36

initiation of contrition in Purkinje fibres rather than the SAN

Question 37

symptoms of ventricular atopic beat

Answer 37

skipped beat | palpitations

Question 38

complications of ventricular atopic beat

Answer 38

(unlikely) arrhythmias cardiomyopathy

Question 39

treatment of ventricular atopic beat

Answer 39

anti-arrhythmics beta blockers calcium channel blockers

Question 40

diagnosis of ventricular atopic beat

Answer 40

ECG

Question 41

prolonged QT syndrome pathology

Answer 41

channelopathy - abnormal repolarisation of heart muscle | differences in refractory periods across cells leading to 'afterdepolarisations'

Question 42

sign of prolonged QT syndrome

Answer 42

sudden death

Question 43

symptoms of prolonged QT syndrome

Answer 43

syncope seizures sudden death

Question 44

complications of prolonged QT syndrome

Answer 44

QT prolonging drugs can kill

Question 45

treatment of prolonged QT syndrome

Answer 45

avoid strenuous exercise get sufficient potassium in diet beta blockers implantable cardiac defibrillator

Question 46

ECG diagnosis of prolonged QT syndrome

Answer 46

corrected QT interval of greater than 440-500ms together with clinical findings

Question 47

pathology of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

Answer 47

pre-excitation syndrome | accessory conduction pathway between atria and ventricles - bundle of Kent

Question 48

symptoms of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

Answer 48

tachycardia palpitations syncope dyspnoea

Question 49

treatment of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

Answer 49

ablation of accessory pathway

Question 50

ECG diagnosis of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome

Answer 50

short PR interval and a delta wave, wide QRS