Stuff to know

Question 0

Phase 1 (Initial Rapid Repolarization)

Answer 0

Na+ quits flooding into the cell, Ca+ continues to enter slowly
cell begins to become neutral, starts to drop to 0 mV
This completes the QRS complex

Question 1

Phase 0 (Electrical Excitement)

Answer 1

Ventricular depolarization (beginning of QRS complex)
Na+ floods quickly into cell, Ca+ moves slowly into cell
Cell becomes positive on the inside and negative on the outside

Question 2

Phase 2 (Plateau Stage)

Answer 2

Ca+ continues to enter cell, slowing down repolarization
Na+/K+ pump begins moving Na+ out and K+ into the cell
This is represented by the ST segment

Question 3

Phase 3 (Repolarization)

Answer 3

Na+/K+ pump kicks it into gear, repolarizing the cell

This is represented by the T wave

Question 4

Phase 4 (Recovery Period)

Answer 4

Cell is at rest and prepared for another depolarization
Inside of the cell has a negative charge and the outside has a positive charge
EKG returns to the isoelectric line

Question 5

When is Absolute Refractory Period

Answer 5

Na+ channels are closed
No stimulus can initiate an action potential
Occurs during phases 0-2

Question 6

When is Relative Refractory Period

Answer 6

A stronger than normal stimulus can cause an action potential to occur early
Occurs during phase 3
Vulnerable period = time when a small stimulus could cause and action potential
Causes R on T phenomenon

Question 7

Action potential

Answer 7

the stimulation of myocardial cells by a change in the membrane electrical charge that subsequently spreads across the myocardium

Question 8

Transmembrane Action Potential (TAP)

Answer 8

the line recorded on the EKG

Question 9

Threshold Potential (TP)

Answer 9

the point at which depolarization will automatically occur

Question 10

what mV is the baseline of an EKG at

Answer 10

-90 mV

Question 11

At what mV will a cell depolarize no matter the stimulus

Answer 11

-60 mV

Question 12

what does the QRS complex peak at

Answer 12

+20 to 30 mV

Question 13

Name off how the blood flows through the heart

Answer 13

Inferior / Superior Vena Cava->Right Atrium->Tricuspid Valve->RIGHT Ventricle->Pulmonic (Semilunar) Valve->Pulmonary Arteries->Lungs->Pulmonary Veins->Left Atrium->LEFT Ventricle-> Mitrial (Bicuspid) Valve->Left ventricle->Aortic (Semilunar) Valve->Aorta->Systemic Circulation

Question 14

Thin innermost layer

Answer 14

Endocardium

Question 15

Thick muscular layer

Answer 15

Myocardium

Question 16

Thin outer layer

Answer 16

Epicardium

Question 17

Sac that surrounds the heart

Answer 17

Pericardium

Question 18

How many cc’s of fluid is in the Pericardial Cavity

Answer 18

25 cc’s of fluid between the Pericardium and the Epicardium

Question 19

What is the top of the heart called

Answer 19

BASE

Question 20

What is the bottom of the heart called

Answer 20

APEX

Question 21

When is the heart contracting

Answer 21

Systole

Question 22

When is the heart relaxing

Answer 22

Diastole

Question 23

Why is diastole longer than systole

Answer 23

to allow the ventricles enough time to fill

Question 24

What side is the TRIcuspid valve

Answer 24

``` think TRI (as in RIght) there are three lung lobes on the right as in Tricycle ```

Question 25

What side is the MitraL valve

Answer 25

L for the Left side (Bicuspid) Bicycle

Question 26

The AV valve that has 3 "cusps" for the same number of lobes on that side

Answer 26

The Tricuspid Valve

Question 27

The AV valve that has 2 "cusps" on that side for the same number of lung lobs

Answer 27

Bicuspid (MITRAL VALVE)

Question 28

When the AV valves close

Answer 28

ventricles are in systole

Question 29

When the semilunar valves close

Answer 29

the atria are in systole

Question 30

What is preload

Answer 30

Volume entering ventricles

Question 31

What is Afterload

Answer 31

resistance left ventricles must overcome to circulate blood

Question 32

what is the pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Answer 32

Preload

Question 33

What is Afterload

Answer 33

resistance of the periphery

Question 34

What is contractility

Answer 34

the ability to contract

Question 35

What is Starling's Law

Answer 35

Preload and afterload effect contractility

Question 36

What causes a lot of work for the left ventricle, enlarging it so it can't keep up

Answer 36

Hypertension

Question 37

What drugs effect the contractility of the heart

Answer 37

Inotropic

Question 38

Properties of a cardiac cell | Automaticity

Answer 38

initiates its own impulse

Question 39

Properties of a Cardiac Cell | Rhymiticity

Answer 39

keeps the beat

Question 40

Properties of a Cardiac Cell | Conduct impulse to cell

Answer 40

Conductivity

Question 41

Properties of Cardiac Cell | Ability to contract

Answer 41

Contractility | *not seen on the monitor because it is mechanical not electrical

Question 42

what is the term for electrical activity

Answer 42

Heart Rate

Question 43

What is the term for mechanical activity

Answer 43

Pulse Rate (what we get when we check the pulse)

Question 44

Heart rate and pulse rate are not interchangeable true or false

Answer 44

true. they do not mean the same thing

Question 45

What is the first wave on an EKG represent

Answer 45

the P Wave lets you know the SA node is firing | depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction)

Question 46

if the P wave is absent what becomes the next pacemaker?

Answer 46

AV node (40-60 BPM)

Question 47

what does it mean when the P wave ends

Answer 47

atrial depolarization is likely complete

Question 48

Polorized

Answer 48

the cell is charged but resting, the membrane is not permeable, and current is not flowing

Question 49

Depolarized

Answer 49

the cell is discharging, the membrane is permeable and current flows

Question 50

Repolarized

Answer 50

the cell is working to recharge, the cells membrane is permeable

Question 51

Angina

Answer 51

exertion induced pain caused by myocardial ischemia, substantial pain, radiating to arms, jaw, back lasts 3-5 minutes goes away with rest, is the same episode to episode can lead to injury and infarction

Question 52

Unstable Angina (USA)

Answer 52

Angina that changes in intensity, frequency, duration symptoms occur at rest last 20 minutes or longer severe or new onset "its different then my usual pain"

Question 53

Unstable Angina (USA)

Answer 53

Acute ischemic event without tissue death

Question 54

Non Q wave MI (NQMI)

Answer 54

Acute ischemic event with tissue death, no Q wave develops on EKG

Question 55

Q-Wave MI (QMI)

Answer 55

Acute ischemic event with tissue death, Q-wave develops on EKG, tend to be larger infarcts