Stustainability Flashcards
(41 cards)
What is development
People achieving an acceptable standard of living.
What is a standard of living
The general well-being of people, which includes health, education, employment and the environment.
What are some indicators of development?
Infant/maternal mortality, doctors per thousand, life expectancy, levels of famine, literacy rates, rate of GDP growth, level of GDP per capita, school attendance rates, crime rates, carbon release, homeless rates, income rates.
What is the HDI
The human development index
Health - life expectancy at birth
Education - expected/mean years of schooling
Living standards - gross national income per capita
What is the development gap
The gap between the most developed and least developed countries in the world.
How to read the HDI index
The HDI is a score between zero and one one being the most developed and zero being the most underdevelopment. It’s a measuring device split into three topics: health education and living standards each country is ranked individually and precisely so that the ranked numbers can go on for many decimals.
What are some patterns of the HDI
The USA Australia and most of Western Europe are all some of the most developed countries but also have some of the largest populations and famous politicians that are influential to other countries that part of the old British empire. Generally, southern and eastern Asia and Africa have a lower HDI, they are also slightly closer to the equator and have hotter environments. And normally lead to this trend is Haiti, which is close to the equator by the surrounding countries all have an HDI above 0.6
What is a cloropleth map
A map that has different colours for different ranges of data.
What is a HIC
High income country - a developed country: USA, UK
What is a LIC
Low income country - a developing country: central Africa
What is a NIC
Newly industrialised country
What is a BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, China (key emerging markets, fast developing)
What are the factors that influence a country’s development?
Historical - HICS have focused a lot on colonisation in the past (1700s-1900s). They used forced to take over land from other countries and took and exploited many resources then sold them back to their own countries. This left some LICs resourceless and poor.
Political - the LICs that had been exploited might have had leaders that thought restlessly rather than productively leading their countries into war and wasting their money on weaponry rather than education and healthcare.
Geographical - LIC that rely on agricultural wealth might rapidly decline in worth if they have crop failure increasingly often (lack of rain can lead to dry soil and an increase in bug such as locust). Also, natural disasters and disease affect larger groups of people which uses time and money for a recovery.
Socio economic - Many LIC have a Higher youth to age population meaning that there isn’t many adult adults that can help train and educate the children. Younger children are then forced to go to work in order to provide for themselves and their family.
Do different levels of development exist within countries as well as between?
Yes, different level levels of development can exist within countries as well as between. As well as this incontinence development levels can vary wildly and neighbouring countries a lot always at a similar level of development to those around it.
Why might some parts of a country be poorer than others?
Levels of development vary a lot in countries. especially in larger countries where geographical location plays a bigger part in that level of development. As well as this there may be an uneven population between different parts of countries this leads to an increase in homeless rates and less healthcare.
In the Clark Fisher model how do you read the graph?
There are four lines on the graph, which are shown in popularity through pre-industrial, industrial and post industrial times.
Primary - employment involving the collection of raw materials.
Secondary - secondary industries of those that take the raw materials and process them into manufactured goods and products.
Quaternary - the Quaternary sector is a relatively new type of employment which consists of those industries providing information services such as ICT consultancy and R&D.
Tertiary - the touch sector is also called the service sector and involves the selling of services and other skills.
What are the reasons for the changes in jobs overtime? (Clark Fisher model)
Primary - running out of raw materials and people want to stop to save the climate. Lack of technology in pre-industrial times so farming and labour is replaced with education.
Secondary - during industrial times machinery were made out of materials. Because of this more materials are being used for mechanisation during industrial times.
Tertiary- skills and abilities are very small now there’s less self entrepreneurial and more people are being hired. There are more education and gaps that need to be filled from the decrease in farming of being filled by manufacturing.
Quaternary - with new technology people finding out more and realising how important security in technology is.
How does development occur?
Development occurs at different rates and times in different countries.
What might be the reason for different levels of development?
- Often government spends more money unscented and major cities rather than rural areas.
- More highly skilled and therefore highly paying jobs tend to be in urban rather than rural areas.
- Some LIC countries gain a lot of their wealth from tourism which therefore may be centred around very specific areas such as the coast..
- Education is often the key to breaking the cycle of poverty but in some regions of a country even HICS emphasis may not be placed on education and the benefit benefits this may bring in the future in terms of getting skilled jobs, etc.
What is absolute poverty?
Absolute poverty is defined by the UN as earning less than $2.15 a day.
What is one reason that causes poverty?
A lot of countries that have been colonised by bigger empires in the past seem to have higher levels of poverty: India, Brazil, Singapore.
While the colonises of those countries have much lower poverty levels: England Western Europe and the majority of North Australia.
Also a lot of central in northern Africa have a higher geographical disadvantage due to hotter climates: easiest spread of disease change informing
What is relative poverty?
Relative poverty is the condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society which they live.
What is the relationship between the number of children and quality of living in countries?
A decrease in the number of children in countries = an increase in the quality of living.
Describe the cycle of poverty
Cycle of poverty is a positive feedback loop meaning that it is hard to break out of because each variable feeds in to each other.
1. Little food and clean water, no school.
2. Diseases infections, no energy and no skills to work.
3. Low productivity.
4. Low or no income.
5. Low self-esteem, no personal control.
6. High child birth sick elderly more dependents
8. Poor household.
