Subcellular Structures Flashcards by Izzy Mead

What is the function and structure of the nucleus?

Stores genetic information for polypeptide production

The nucleus is essential for DNA replication and the transcription of mRNA and tRNA.

Has nuclear envelope/double membrane and pores
Chromosomes/chromatin (DNA associated with histones)
Nucleolus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

Double membrane with pores

The nuclear envelope regulates the passage of materials in and out of the nucleus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of the nucleolus?

Site of production of RNA/ribosomes

The nucleolus is involved in synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosomes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is chromatin?

Unwound/uncondensed DNA

Chromatin is composed of DNA wrapped around histones and is found in the nucleus.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are mitochondria primarily responsible for?

Site of ATP production by aerobic respiration

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell due to their role in energy production.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is found in the matrix of mitochondria?

Mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, proteins, and lipids

The matrix is the liquid part of the mitochondria and is crucial for various metabolic processes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: Mitochondria contain _______ ribosomes.

70S

70S ribosomes are smaller than the 80S ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?

Highly folded membranes with 80S ribosomes embedded

The RER is involved in protein synthesis and transport.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Synthesizes and transports proteins throughout the cell

Cells that produce large amounts of protein have extensive RER.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are cristae?

Inner membrane highly folded to increase surface area in mitochondria

Cristae enhance the mitochondria’s ability to produce ATP.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: The intermembrane space is the area between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria.

True

This space plays a role in the processes of cellular respiration.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of cells have a high number of mitochondria?

Muscle cells and epithelial cells

These cells require a lot of ATP for functions like contraction and active transport.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes translate mRNA into polypeptide chains, forming proteins.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the general function of organelles within eukaryotic cells?

Perform specialized functions to maintain cellular activities

Organelles work together to ensure the cell operates efficiently.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fill in the blank: The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is connected to the _______.

Nucleus

This connection allows for efficient synthesis and transport of proteins related to genetic information.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of a lysosome?

Membrane-bound organelle that stores and releases hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosomes are essential for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

Contain hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyse invading pathogens

Phagocytes, a type of white blood cell, have many lysosomes for this purpose.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a vesicle containing an old or damaged organelle called?

Lysosome

Lysosomes can recycle cellular components.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of the cell surface membrane?

Made up of phospholipids, specific transport proteins, and carbohydrates arranged in a fluid mosaic model

This model explains the dynamic nature of the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main function of the cell surface membrane?

Controls the passage of molecules in and out of the cell

This selective permeability is crucial for maintaining homeostasis.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the structure of centrioles?

Composed of microtubules

Centrioles are cylindrical structures that play a role in cell division.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the main function of centrioles during mitosis?

Form a network of spindle fibers onto which chromosomes attach and pull chromosomes apart

This process ensures accurate segregation of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

True or False: Centrioles are found in plant cells.

Study These Flashcards

False

Centrioles are typically absent in plant cells.

Fill in the blank: Lysosomes contain _______ enzymes.

Study These Flashcards

hydrolytic

These enzymes are crucial for breaking down biomolecules.

What are microtubules?

Structural components of centrioles ## Footnote Microtubules are essential for maintaining cell shape and facilitating transport.

What is the arrangement of the phospholipids and proteins in the cell surface membrane described as?

Fluid mosaic model ## Footnote This model illustrates the flexibility and variety of components in the membrane.

What is the primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Recombines glycerol and fatty acids to make triglycerides ## Footnote It also packages triglycerides into vesicles and transports them to the Golgi apparatus.

What are cisternae?

Highly folded membranes flattened into sacks ## Footnote They are a key structural component of the Golgi apparatus.

What is the structure of cytoplasmic ribosomes?

Made up of 2 subunits that are long strands of RNA and ribosomal proteins ## Footnote Eukaryotic cells contain 80s cytoplasmic ribosomes.

What is the function of cytoplasmic ribosomes?

Site of protein synthesis from amino acids ## Footnote They play a crucial role in translating mRNA into proteins.

Describe the structure of the Golgi Apparatus.

Flattened sacs made of membrane filled with fluid ## Footnote Golgi vesicles pinch off from the main membrane.

What is the main function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins and triglycerides into vesicles ## Footnote Golgi vesicles may be used to form lysosomes.

True or False: Golgi vesicles can be used to form lysosomes.

True ## Footnote This indicates the versatility of Golgi vesicles in cellular processes.

Fill in the blank: Cells with extensive Golgi apparatus package lots of molecules for _______.

export ## Footnote Examples include enzyme-secreting gland cells or antibody-producing plasma cells.

What is the term for the jelly-like substance within a cell?

Cytoplasm ## Footnote Cytoplasm is the material within a cell, excluding the nucleus.

Which organelles are found in plants and algae that are involved in photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts ## Footnote Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.

What is the outer layer of a chloroplast called?

Outer Membrane ## Footnote The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer that surrounds the chloroplast.

What is the name of the stack of thylakoid membranes within a chloroplast?

Granum ## Footnote Grana (plural of granum) are important for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

What is found in the lumen of the thylakoid?

Lumen ## Footnote The lumen is the space inside the thylakoid where protons accumulate during photosynthesis.

What is the name of the inner structure of a chloroplast?

Inner Membrane ## Footnote The inner membrane encloses the stroma and is involved in transport processes.

What is the function of the stroma in a chloroplast?

Fluid filled part where some photosynthetic reactions occur ## Footnote The stroma contains enzymes and substrates necessary for the Calvin cycle.

What are starch grains in chloroplasts used for?

Energy storage molecule in plants ## Footnote Starch grains serve as a storage form of glucose produced during photosynthesis.

What type of DNA do chloroplasts contain?

Own DNA and 70s ribosomes ## Footnote Chloroplasts have their own genetic material and ribosomes for synthesizing proteins needed for photosynthesis.

Fill in the blank: Chlorophyll is contained in the _______ for photosynthesis.

Thylakoids ## Footnote Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures where light-dependent reactions take place.

True or False: The thylakoid membrane contains ATP synthase enzyme.

True ## Footnote ATP synthase is crucial for ATP production during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

What is the primary structural component of plant and algae cell walls?

Cellulose ## Footnote Cellulose provides strength to the cell wall.

What limits the volume of water that can move into a plant cell?

Strong cellulose cell wall ## Footnote The strength comes from many weak hydrogen bonds between cellulose fibrils.

What does the cellulose cell wall prevent in plant cells?

Osmotic lysis (bursting) ## Footnote The wall's strength helps maintain cell integrity under varying osmotic conditions.

Is the cellulose cell wall permeable or impermeable to most molecules?

Permeable ## Footnote Unlike the matrix, the cell wall allows most molecules to pass through.

What are plasmodesmata?

Gaps in the cell walls connecting cell cytoplasms ## Footnote They facilitate the easy movement of water-soluble molecules between cells.

Fill in the blank: Fungi have cell walls made from _______.

Chitin ## Footnote This is different from the cellulose found in plant and algal cell walls.

What is the function of the central vacuole in plant cells?

Storage and maintaining turgor pressure ## Footnote It plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and nutrient storage.

What is the tonoplast?

Membrane surrounding the central vacuole ## Footnote It regulates the movement of ions and molecules in and out of the vacuole.

What components are typically found in a plant cell besides the cell wall?

Cytoplasm, plasma membrane, central vacuole, tonoplast ## Footnote These components work together to support cell function.

True or False: The middle lamella is part of the cell wall structure.

True ## Footnote The middle lamella is the layer that cements adjacent cells together.

Subcellular Structures Flashcards

(55 cards)