Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
how many people in the US have ever used and illegal substance?
A
more than 100 million
2
Q
what percentage of HS seniors have used an illegal drug within the past month?
A
24%
3
Q
define drug
A
any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds
4
Q
the term ____ is now frequently used in place of “drug”
A
substance
5
Q
____ _____ may cause temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
A
substance intoxication
6
Q
describe alcohol intoxication- 5
A
poor judgement, mood change, irritable, slurred speech, poor coordination
7
Q
hallucinogen intoxication is aka
A
hallucinosis
8
Q
hallucinogen intoxication consists of- 2
A
perceptual distortions and hallucination
9
Q
substance use disorder- define-
A
long term, maladaptive behaviors, repeated use of substances, damage to family, work, danger
10
Q
substance use disorder is ____ term
A
long
11
Q
substance intoxication is ___ term
A
short
12
Q
define tolerance
A
need increased doses of substance to produce desired effect
13
Q
define withdrawl
A
occur when person suddenly stops taking substance, unpleasant and dangerous symptoms
14
Q
what amount and percentage of people in US have a substance use disorder each year?
A
8.9%, 23 million`
15
Q
_____ ____ have the highest rate of substance use disorder, __%
A
american Indians, 21.8%
16
Q
name the four main drug categories
A
depressant, stimulant, hallucinogens, cannabis
17
Q
name 3 main groups of depressants
A
alcohol, sedative-hypnotic drugs, opioids
18
Q
how many people consume alcohol worldwide?
A
2 billion
19
Q
what is binge drinking?
A
five or more drinks on a single occasion
20
Q
what percentage of people in US binge drink each month?
A
23%
21
Q
among heavy drink drinkers, men outnumber women __:__
A
3:2
22
Q
alcoholic beverages contains ___ ___
A
ethyl alcohol
23
Q
what is ethyl alcohol?
A
a chemical that is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream via lining of stomach and intestine
24
Q
Ethyl alcohol is carried from the ____ to the ___ ___ ___ binds to
A
bloodstream, central nervous system, various neurons
25
what does neurotransmitter Gaba do?
carries an inhibitory message to neurons
26
what does alcohol do to gaba?
helps gaba shut down neurons, relax the drinker.
27
ethyl alcohol ______ the areas of the brain that control judgment and inhibition
depresses
28
effect of ethyl alcohol is measured by its ____ or ____ in the blood
concentration or proportion
29
what is alcohol dehydrogenase?
stomach enzyme which breaks down alochol
30
which sex has less alcohol dehydrogenase?
women have less
31
what blood alcohol content when someone is intoxicated?
.09
32
how many people die each year from too high a blood alcohol content?
1000
33
what is metabolized mean when it comes to alcohol?
alcohol is broken down by the liver into carbon dioxide and water, exhaled or secreted
34
alcohol use disorder is aka
alcoholism
35
what percent adults display alcoholism per year in the US?
6.9%
36
men with alcoholism out number women by __:___
2:1
37
what group of people in US have highest rates of alcoholism? %?
male native americans, 8.5
38
what group of people in the US have the lowest amount of alcoholism?
Asian americans, 1.7%, deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase prevents extended use
39
what percent of college students binge drink at least once per year?
40%
40
what is the number one public health hazard for full time college students?
binge drinking
41
chronic heavy drinkers show brain damage which can be displayed as impairments in (4)
memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, balance
42
name symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol
shaking in hands, tongue, eyelids; weak and nauseated, sweat and vomit, rapid heart beat, bp rises, anxious, depressed, unable to sleep, irritable
43
what do the DTs stand for
delirium tremens
44
what is delirium tremens?
withdrawal consisting of terrifying visual hallucinations, may also have stroke, fall unconscious, stroke, or die
45
what percentage fatal car accidents are due to alcohol?
30%
46
what percentages adults have driven while drunk in one year?
11%
47
what is neknominate?
internet game of challenges consisting of drinking an entire bottle of liquor
48
what is cirrhosis and how many deaths per year?
liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional from alcohol, 32,000 deaths each year
49
what is korsakoff's syndrome?
drinkers become malnourished, confusion and memory loss, confabulate events to fill missing time gaps
50
what does confabulate mean?
reciting made up events to fill missing time gaps or black outs
51
how many babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome?
1/1000
52
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?
alcohol-related birth defects
53
what is sedative-hypnotic drugs aka?
anxiolytic drugs
54
what does anxiolytic drugs mean?
anxiety reducing
55
what feelings do sedative-hypnotic drugs produce?
relaxation, drowsiness, calm, sedative, sleep inducer, hypnotic
56
what are the two main versions of sedative-hypnotic drugs?
benzodiazepines and barbiturates
57
describe barbiturates
came before benzo, fight anxiety, help sleep
58
what did barbiturates accidentally cause?
overdoses
59
how do barbiturates work biologically?
attach to gaba and inhibit neurons
60
repeated use of barbiturates can quickly result in
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
61
a major danger of barbiturate tolerance is the ____ dose of the drug remains the same even while the body is building up a _____ to the drug
lethal; tolerance
62
barbiturate withdrawal is particularly dangerous because it can cause ______
convulsions
63
what are benzodiazepines used for, what are some examples?
antianxiety, xanax, ativan, valium
64
how many prescriptions for benzos are written each year?
130 million
65
how do benzos work?
attach to gaba, relieve anxiety without sleepiness
66
what is a benefit of benzo compared to barbs? 2
less likely to slow a persons breath and less likely to die from an overdose
67
what percentage of adults have barb or benzo use disorder each year?
.03%
68
opioids include ____ and the drugs derived from it ___ ____ and ____
opium, heroin, morphine, and codeine
69
why was opium used medically in the past?
reduce physical and emotional pain, very addictive
70
civil war morphine addiction became known as
soldiers disease
71
methadone is a _____ opioid
synthetic
72
narcotics include
all opioid drugs, natural and synthetic
73
what is skin popped
inject right under the skin
74
what is mainlined
inject into bloodstream
75
opioids create relaxed effects by depressing the __ ___ ___
central nervous system
76
opioids attach to what
endorphins that relieve pain and reduce emotional tension
77
what are pinpoint pupils caused by
caused by use of opioids
78
timeline for heroin withdrawal
peak at day 3, end at day 8
79
what percent of adults display opioid use disorder?
1%
80
what does a heroin od do to the body
closes down respiratory center
81
what percentage of heroin users die from heroin each year?
2%
82
what percent of HIV among active heroin users
60%
83
name four main kinds of stimulants
cocaine, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines
84
what do stimulants do
increase activity of central nervous system, increase bp and hr, alert, sped up
85
what is the most powerful stimulant
cocaine
86
what is processed cocaine?
hydrochloride powder
87
how many have tried cocaine
28 million
88
how many are currently using cocaine
1.6 million, mostly teens and young adults
89
cocaine produces sped up effect by increasing supply of
neurotransmitter dopamine
90
what percent of people over the age of 11 smoke tobacco
27%, 70 million
91
what percentage of world pop over 11 smoke tobacco?
22%, 1.1 billion
92
what is nicotine?
a stimulant of central nervous system that affect neurotransmitters
93
describe cocaine-induced psychosis
hallucinations, delusions, or both
94
describe cocaine intoxication
poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgement, anger, aggression, compulsive, confusion, anxiety
95
cocaine can also have an effect on what 2 neurotransmitters
norepinephrine and serotonin
96
what is freebasing?
pure cocaine is separated from the processed cocaine, inhaled
97
describe crack
freebase of cocaine, crystalline balls, 1.1% of High schoolers have used
98
cocaine use has been linked to many
suicides
99
how many ER cases for cocaine od each year
505,000
100
what can happen with cocaine od
effect on respiratory center, breathing may stop, heart irregularities, brain seizures
101
cocaine and pregnancy
risk of miscarriage, birth with abnormalities
102
when and why were amphetamines produced?
1930s to treat asthma
103
how are amphetamines made?
produced in a lab
104
what percent of people over 11 have used meth at least once?
6%
105
what is a stovetop laboratory?
non-legal meth lab
106
dangers of stovetop labs
expel dangerous fumes and residue
107
what is neurotoxicity? and what causes it?
damages never endings; amphetamines and meth
108
2 of meth's positive side effects that users like
hypersexual and uninhibited
109
what percent of people over 11 display a stimulant use disorder?
.4%
110
what is the worlds most widely used stimulant
caffeine
111
what percent of world pop consumes caffeine daily?
80%
112
side effects from caffeine intoxication- 8
restless, nervous, stomach disturb, twitch, fast hr, grand mal seizures, respiratory failure
113
10 grams, 100 cups caffeine, coffee
lethal
114
effects of hallucinogens
changes in sensory perception, illusions and hallucinations
115
LSD was derived from what drug
ergot alkaloids
116
hallucinogen intoxication is aka
hallucinosis
117
mdma aka
ecstacy
118
dangers of ecstacy
psychological problems and impairment of cognitive skills, hypothermia, hypotremia (water intoxication)
119
what is synesthesia?
different senses cross
120
what percent of people in US have used a hallucinogen at some point in their lives?
14%, .4% currently
121
what percentage of US pop over 11 smoke weed monthly?
7.3%, 19 million
122
how many smoke weed daily?
five million
123
what climate increase the cannabis plants thc?
hot and dry climate
124
what percent of high school seniors smoke weed daily?
6.5%
125
what drug was used as a surgical anesthetic by the ancient chinese physicians?
cannabis
126
what is polysubstance use
take more than one drug at a time
127
what is cross-tolerance
simultaneously build tolerance to more than one drug
128
what is synergistic effect?
different drugs taken multiply or potentiate each others effects
129
what is the danger of opposite or antagonist drug interactions
stimulants interfere with liver's disposal of depressants, may build up a toxic level
130
what percent of unemployed adults currently use illegal drugs?
18%
131
those who experience higher rates of discrimination usually have higher rates of ___ ___ disorder
substance use
132
psychodynamic- dependency can be traced to ones ___years, parents fail to ____
early; satisfy needs, child learns to look for outside support
133
describe substance use personality
dependent, antisocial, impulsive, novelty seeking, risk taker, depressed
134
what does the cognitive behavioral view attribute substance use disorder to
operant and classical conditioning
135
what is substance use disorder in terms of operant conditioning?
drug has rewarding effect, user will seek this reaction again, medicate themselve
136
what percent of adults with psychological disorders display a substance use disorder as well?
19%
137
what percent has tried inhaling hydrocarbons like glue
6%
138
what is classical conditioning in terms of substance use disorder?
stimuli like people places and things come to produce similar pleasure brought by drugs, drug dealer, sight of needle
139
what percent of fraternal twins have similar alcoholism rates vs identical
identical=54%
| fraternal=28%
140
what is dopamine-2 D2 receptor gene
a genetic linkage to substance use disorder
141
when a person keeps taking a drug, the brain apparently makes an adjustment and reduces its own production of ________
neurotransmitters, less is necessary
142
when stopping a drug, their natural supply of neurotransmitters will be __
low
143
alcohol or benzos may lower the brains production of ______ ___
neurotransmitter GABA
144
what is anandamide and what lowers it?
neurotransmitter that operates like thc, cannabis reduces production of
145
what is the reward center aka
pleasure pathway
146
what parts of the brain make up the reward center? 4
ventral tegmental area, nucleus accubens, prefrontal cortex, dopamine
147
when dopamine is activated along the pleasure pathway, a person feels ____
pleasure
148
reward-deficiency syndrome, what is
reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, turn to drugs
149
what is sobriety high?
recovery schools fill in education and emotional voids, group therapy
150
what is the most popular treatment for substance use disorder?
self-help group
151
what behavioral therapy to help with substance use disorder? 2
aversion therapy and contingency management
152
what is aversion therapy?
classical conditioning, unpleasant stimulus given when taking the drug to make them loose craving
153
what is contingency management?
makes incentives for drug free urine tests
154
cognitive behavioral therapy treatments for substance use disorder help clients identify and change the behaviors and cognitions that contribute to their patterns of __misuse
substance
155
what is relapse prevention training
gain control over behaviors, identify high risk situations, coping strats, plan ahead of time
156
what is acceptance and commitment therapy ACT
mindfulness based approach
157
what are three biological treatments for substance use disorder?
detoxification, antagonist drugs, drug maintenance therapy
158
what is detoxification?
systematic and medically supervised withdrawal
159
what is an antagonist drug?
block or change effect of addictive drug
160
what is disulfiram antabuse?
stops one from ingesting alcohol, makes them very sick
161
narcotic antagonists such as naloxone works by
attach to endorphin receptor and block opioid effect
162
what are partial antagonists used for
to produce less sever withdrawals
163
methadone is an _____ for heroin
agonist
164
how many worldwide members in AA
2 million, 114,000 groups
165
what is a residential treatment center, or therapeutic community
half way house
166
community prevent programs involve: 5
individual, family, peer group, school and community
167
what percent of adults have gambling disorder? teens?
4%, 3-10%
168
how many have internet use disorder
1%
