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Flashcards in Substance Use and Misuse Deck (17)
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1
Q

What are the Rates of Smoking in Australia? How did it change over time?

A
  • 2007 still 20% smoking
    • astonishing whenthinking how damaging it is
  • 1945 < 70% of men were smoking
    • steep decline for men!!
2
Q

In Australia:
♦ How many death caused by Smoking?

♦ What are the Effects of Smoking?

A

♦ Roughly 90’000

♦ Effects

  • Cancer (lung, throat, …)*
  • CHD*
  • Lowered Life Expectancy*
  • Stinks*

Social Stigma
(disgust rate bit lower than drug addicts, but higher than obesity, homeless,)

3
Q

Why Do People Smoke?

A

♦ Social Factors

♦ Reinforcement

♦ Weight Control

♦ Cognition / Beliefs

♦ Cues and Cravings

♦ Nicotine Dependence

4
Q

How Do Social Factors Influence Smoking Behaviour?

A

positively: normative pressure & friends that smoke
negatively: direct pressure not to smoke
* + in media:*
* correlative data: the more movies you have seen, in which the actors smoke, the higher the chance you smoke*

5
Q

Name three methods used to help people quit smoking and their success rate

A
  • Hypnosis
  • Aversion Therapy
  • scheduled smoking
  • > long-termsuccess rate only 25%
6
Q

Name one Method to prevent Smoking successfully

A

Implementation Intentions

-> when I experience peer pressure I will… to prevent smoking

7
Q

What are the Standards of Safe Drinking

A

♦ 21 drinks/ week for a man

♦ 14 drinks / week for a woman

8
Q

Effects of Alcohol (shorterm, continued use, longterm)

A

Inital: feel good, outgoing, reduced inhibition

Continued:
Alcohol Myopia
Depressant (judgement, concentration, impaired motor coord).

Longterm: affects all organs, lead to death

9
Q

Define Alcohol Myopia

A

The alcohol myopia model posits that rather than disinhibit, alcohol produces a myopia effect that causes users to pay more attention to salient environmental cues and less attention to less salient cues.

Therefore, alcohol’s myopic effects cause intoxicated people to respond almost exclusively to their immediate environment. This “nearsightedness” limits their ability to consider future consequences of their actions as well as regulate their reactive impulses.

10
Q

What are the economic costs of Alcohol in Australia?

A

36 billion / y

!! -> 70’000 Australians are the target of alcohol-related assaults

11
Q

Why Do People Drink Alcohol?

A

>> Social Factors: peer pressure, expectancies, media influences

>> Reinforcement

>> Addiction

12
Q

How is Alcohol Abuse Treated?

A

¡ spontaneous remission: less than 20% of problem drinkers

¡ Detoxification programmes

¡ Pharmalogical Treatments
→ Anatabuse (aversion therapy)
→ Naltrexone (takes away award of drinking)

→ psychological or supportive treatment

Furthermore: Implementation Intentions help!

13
Q

Textbook:

Define Physical Dependence

A

body has adjusted to a substance and incorporated it into the normal functioning of the body’s tissue. 2 Characteristics:

  1. Tolerance
  2. Withdrawal
14
Q

Textbook:

Define Psychological Dependence

A

individuals feel compelled to use a substance for the effect it produces.

15
Q

Textbook:

Definition Substance Use Disorder

A

Substance Use

+

1 or 2 of the following symptoms:

    • tolerance
  • craving
  • failing to fulfill important obligations
  • putting oneself or others at risk
  • having substance-related legal difficulties*

-

16
Q

Textbook:

What is Reinforcement?

A

Positive Reinforcement:
consequence of use is pleasant and therefore one wants more or reuse it

Negative Reinforcement:
reducing or removing aversive circumstances (like pain or unpleasant feelings).

→ both produce a wanted state

17
Q

Substance-Related Cues:

A

Classical conditioning: a conditioned stimulus (smell of cigarette smoke) elicit a response through association with an unconditioned stimulus, like the buzz feeling of a cigarette.

As a result: Craving and Attention

  • (for me: poker -> smoking)*
  • Other Theories:*
    • withdrawal symptoms: body prepares for substance, which don’t come
  • incentive-sensitization theory: dopamine enhances the salience of stimuli associated with substance use so that they become increasingly powerful in directing behabior*