substance use disorders

Question 1

Which class of drug are most likely to cause dependence, tolerance and withdrawal?

Answer 1

Depressants.

Question 2

Where is alcohol mostly absorbed?

Answer 2

The small intestine.

Question 3

Which neurotransmitters does alcohol affect?

Answer 3

increases GABA, lowers Glutamate (affecting cognitive abilities) and Serotonin (affecting cravings)

Question 4

What is the most extreme withdrawal symptom?

Answer 4

Withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens - the DTs)

Question 5

What are long-term effects of alcohol consumption?

Answer 5

Dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WK invovles confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech - possible lack of thiamine).

Question 6

With what do we metabolise alcohol?

Answer 6

Alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 7

Which form of alcohol dehydrogenase is prevalent in children with FAS?

Answer 7

beta-3.

Question 8

How many americans over 12 are current drinkers?

Answer 8

around half.

Question 9

Who drinks the most?

Answer 9

Whites. Asians the least.

Question 10

How many with severe alcohol dependence have spontaneous remission?

Answer 10

around 20%.

Question 11

Those who tend not to develop slurred speech, staggering and other sedative effects of alcohol are…

Answer 11

more likely to abuse it.

Question 12

What were barbituates designed for?

Answer 12

sleep.

Question 13

Which are safer? Benzos or barbituates?

Answer 13

Benzos.

Question 14

What happens if you take too much of a barbituate?

Answer 14

Your diaphragm can relax so much it collapses.

Question 15

Who seeks help for barbituates and benzos?

Answer 15

White housewives.

Question 16

Psychoactive drugs include…

Answer 16

caffeine, nictonie, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA.

Question 17

At low doses, amphetamines can induce feelings of…

Answer 17

elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue. But then you get a comedown.

Question 18

What was hitler addicted to?

Answer 18

Amphetamines.

Question 19

Narcoleptics and children with ADHD are prescribed what?

Answer 19

Amphetamines.

Question 20

Does tolerance build quickly for amphetamines?

Answer 20

Yes.

Question 21

What does withdrawal of amphetamines result in?

Answer 21

Apathy, prolonged sleep, irritability and depression.

Question 22

What makes Ice dangerous?

Answer 22

Stays in the system longer than cocaine and makes people aggressive.

Question 23

What do amphetamines do?

Answer 23

Stimulate the nervous system by enhancing:

Norepinephrine and Dopamine.

Question 24

What do amphetamines do with these neurotransmitters

Answer 24

Assists in their release and blocks reuptake.

Question 25

How does cocaine work?

Answer 25

Blocks dopamine reuptake, binds to dopamine receptor cites.

Question 26

What does chronic use of cocaine result in?

Answer 26

Aging of the brain.

Question 27

What does cocaine withdrawal look like?

Answer 27

Apathy and boredom.

Question 28

Low doses of nicotine can...

Answer 28

relieve stress and improve mood.

Question 29

High doses of nicotine can..

Answer 29

blue vision, cause confusion, lead to convulsions and sometimes even cause death.

Question 30

Rate of relapse between alcohol, heroin and cigarettes?

Answer 30

All the same.

Question 31

What does nicotine do?

Answer 31

Stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in midbrain reticular formation and limbic system - site of the brain's pleasure pathway.

Question 32

Where is the brain's pleasure pathway?

Answer 32

Midbrain reticular formation and limbic system.

Question 33

Recovery is considered achieved after how many years of opioid use?

Answer 33

5.

Question 34

What do opioids do?

Answer 34

Tap into the body's natural opioid system to release more (endorphins and enkephalins). They also inhibit GABA (gaba can't police the other neurotransmitters).

Question 35

Which drugs are opioids?

Answer 35

Morphine, Heroin, opium etc.

Question 36

Which neurotransmitter do LSD, psilocybin, lysergic acid amid and DMT resemble?

Answer 36

Serotonin.

Question 37

Mescaline resembles which neurotransmitter?

Answer 37

Norepinephrine.

Question 38

Naltrexone may be most effective for people..

Answer 38

with a particular gene variant in opioid receptors.

Question 39

What do all abused drugs activate?

Answer 39

Pleasure pathway (midbrain reticular formation and limbic system).

Question 40

Brain wave patterns are different for those at risk of...

Answer 40

alcoholism.

Question 41

What psychological factor influences whether or not someone would decide to continue using drugs?

Answer 41

Positive reinforcement.

Question 42

Expectancies and cravings are considered...

Answer 42

cognitive dimensions of drug taking.

Question 43

Neuroplasticity is evidenced in addiction in what way?

Answer 43

The brain will reorganise itself to adapt, increasing the drive to obtain the drug and decreases the desire for other nondrug experiences.

Question 44

Personal motivation to change. Is it necessary?

Answer 44

Important, but not necessary.

Question 45

Buprenorphin is what?

Answer 45

New opioid agonist, blocks the effects of opioids and seems to encourage better compliance than would a nonopiate or opiate antagonist.

Question 46

Is there a difference between intensive residentil setting programs and quality outpatient care in outcomes?

Answer 46

Not necessarily.

Question 47

People may do just as well as .... as they would as outpatients.

Answer 47

Inpatients.

Question 48

Effectiveness of AA is based on...

Answer 48

who knows.

Question 49

Who is AA good for?

Answer 49

Highly motivated individuals seeking to achieve total abstinence (on a budget).

Question 50

Does controlled drinking work?

Answer 50

accepted in UK, it's at least as effective as abstinence but neither treatment is successful for 70-80% of patients over longterm.

Question 51

What are common barriers?

Answer 51

lack of personal awareness of problem, and unwillingness to change.

Question 52

What is Motivational enhancement therapy?

Answer 52

Change is more likely with empathetic and optimistic counsellors.

Question 53

How is CBT used to treat substance use disorders?

Answer 53

Person's reaction to cues to use and thoughts and behaviours to resist use.

Question 54

What does the relapse prevention model do?

Answer 54

Examines learned aspects of dependence and sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioural coping skills. Involves helping people remove ambivalence about stopping drug use by examining beliefs. High risk situations are identified and strategies are developed.