Substance Use Disorders

Question 1

Which class of drug are most likely to cause dependence, tolerance and withdrawal?

Answer 1

Depressants.

Question 2

Where is alcohol mostly absorbed?

Answer 2

The small intestine.

Question 3

Which neurotransmitters does alcohol affect?

Answer 3

increases GABA, lowers Glutamate (affecting cognitive abilities) and Serotonin (affecting cravings)

Question 4

What is the most extreme withdrawal symptom?

Answer 4

Withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens - the DTs)

Question 5

What are long-term effects of alcohol consumption?

Answer 5

Dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WK invovles confusion, loss of muscle coordination, unintelligible speech - possible lack of thiamine).

Question 6

With what do we metabolize alcohol?

Answer 6

Alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 7

Which form of alcohol dehydrogenase is prevalent in children with FAS?

Answer 7

Beta-3.

Question 8

How many Americans over 12 are current drinkers?

Answer 8

Around half.

Question 9

Which race drinks the most?

Answer 9

Whites. (Asians = least)

Question 10

How many with severe alcohol dependence have spontaneous remission?

Answer 10

Around 20%

Question 11

Those who tend not to develop slurred speech, staggering and other sedative effects of alcohol are…

Answer 11

more likely to abuse it.

Question 12

What were barbiturates designed for?

Answer 12

Sleep.

Question 13

Which are safer? Benzos or barbiturates?

Answer 13

Benzos

Question 14

What happens if you take too much of a barbituate?

Answer 14

Your diaphragm can relax so much it collapses.

Question 15

Who seeks help for barbituates and benzos?

Answer 15

White housewives.

Question 16

Psychoactive drugs include…

Answer 16

Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA.

Question 17

At low doses, amphetamines can induce feelings of…

Answer 17

Elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue. But then you get a comedown.

Question 18

Narcoleptics and children with ADHD are prescribed what?

Answer 18

Amphetamines.

Question 19

T/F: Tolerance builds quickly for amphetamines.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What does withdrawal of amphetamines result in?

Answer 20

Apathy, prolonged sleep, irritability and depression.

Question 21

What makes Ice (crystal meth) dangerous?

Answer 21

Stays in the system longer than cocaine and makes people aggressive.

Question 22

What do amphetamines do?

Answer 22

Stimulate the nervous system by enhancing:

Norepinephrine and Dopamine.

Question 23

What do amphetamines do with norepinephrine and dopamine?

Answer 23

Assists in their release and blocks reuptake.

Question 24

How does cocaine work?

Answer 24

Blocks dopamine reuptake, binds to dopamine receptor cites.

Question 25

What does chronic use of cocaine result in?

Answer 25

Aging of the brain.

Question 26

What does cocaine withdrawal look like?

Answer 26

Apathy and boredom.

Question 27

Low doses of nicotine can...

Answer 27

relieve stress and improve mood.

Question 28

High doses of nicotine can...

Answer 28

blur vision, cause confusion, lead to convulsions and sometimes even cause death.

Question 29

Rate of relapse between alcohol, heroin and cigarettes?

Answer 29

All the same.

Question 30

What does nicotine do?

Answer 30

Stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in midbrain reticular formation and limbic system - site of the brain's pleasure pathway.

Question 31

Where is the brain's pleasure pathway?

Answer 31

Midbrain reticular formation and limbic system.

Question 32

Recovery is considered achieved after how many years of opioid use?

Answer 32

5

Question 33

What do opioids do?

Answer 33

Tap into the body's natural opioid system to release more (endorphins and enkephalins). They also inhibit GABA (gaba can't police the other neurotransmitters).

Question 34

Which drugs are opioids?

Answer 34

Morphine, Heroin, opium etc.

Question 35

Which neurotransmitter do LSD, psilocybin, lysergic acid amid and DMT resemble?

Answer 35

Serotonin.

Question 36

Mescaline resembles which neurotransmitter?

Answer 36

Norepinephrine.

Question 37

Naltrexone may be most effective for people...

Answer 37

with a particular gene variant in opioid receptors.

Question 38

What do all abused drugs activate?

Answer 38

Pleasure pathway (midbrain reticular formation and limbic system).

Question 39

Brain wave patterns are different for those at risk of...

Answer 39

alcoholism.

Question 40

What psychological factor influences whether or not someone would decide to continue using drugs?

Answer 40

Positive reinforcement.

Question 41

Expectancies and cravings are considered...

Answer 41

cognitive dimensions of drug taking.

Question 42

Neuroplasticity is evidenced in addiction in what way?

Answer 42

The brain will reorganize itself to adapt, increasing the drive to obtain the drug and decreases the desire for other nondrug experiences.

Question 43

T/F: personal motivation to change is necessary to recover.

Answer 43

F - important but not necessary

Question 44

Buprenorphine is what?

Answer 44

New opioid agonist, blocks the effects of opioids and seems to encourage better compliance than would a nonopiate or opiate antagonist.

Question 45

Is there a difference between intensive residential setting programs and quality outpatient care in outcomes?

Answer 45

Not necessarily

Question 46

People may do just as well as ____ as they would as outpatients.

Answer 46

inpatients

Question 47

Effectiveness of AA is based on...

Answer 47

Unknown

Question 48

Who is AA good for?

Answer 48

Highly motivated individuals seeking to achieve total abstinence (on a budget).

Question 49

What are common barriers to recovery?

Answer 49

Lack of personal awareness of problem, and unwillingness to change.

Question 50

What does the relapse prevention model do?

Answer 50

Examines learned aspects of dependence and sees relapse as a failure of cognitive and behavioral coping skills. Involves helping people remove ambivalence about stopping drug use by examining beliefs. High risk situations are identified and strategies are developed.