Sugar and Sweeteners

Question 1

Intake of sugar increases risk for ______

Answer 1

caries

Question 2

What type of relationship between sugar consumption and caries?

Answer 2

dose-response

Question 3

______ considered highly prevalent oral disease, negatively impacting quality of life for all ages

Answer 3

Caries

Question 4

Impact of _______ has been positive, even as sugar consumption increases around the world

Answer 4

fluoride

Question 5

Sugar provides many uses to a lot of foods we consume such as…

Answer 5

• Sweetening agent
• Flavor blender/modified
• Texture
• Dispersing agent
• Color agent
• Bulking agent

Question 6

As higher amounts of sugar are consumed what happens to your brain?

Answer 6

your brain requires more sweetness to satisfy reward level in your brain

Question 7

How much sugar should our daily value be according to FDA?

Answer 7

DV for added sugars: 50g/day for
a 2,000-calorie diet

• no daily value for total sugar

Question 8

What are the classifications of alternative sweeteners?

Answer 8

• Polyols
• Intense sweeteners
• Nonnutritive sweeteners

Question 9

Polyols=

Answer 9

sugar alcohols

Question 10

Polyols have ___% of the caloric content of sucrose

Answer 10

40%

Question 11

What other sugar has physical characteristics similar to polyols?

Answer 11

sucrose

Question 12

Is polyol good for baking?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

What are the types of polyols?

Answer 13

• sorbitol
• mannitol
• erythritol
• xylitol

Question 14

Where does sorbitol occur naturally?

Answer 14

fruits and berries

Question 15

Sorbitol is only ___% as sweet as sucrose?

Answer 15

60%

Question 16

Sorbitol is considered noncariogenic but it is slowly fermented by…

Answer 16

S. mutans

• Shown to be cariogenic in patients with decreased salivary gland function

Question 17

What is a side effect of sorbitol?

Answer 17

Can cause GI issues if large quantities digested

Question 18

Where is mannitol naturally occuring?

Answer 18

seaweed

Question 19

Does mannitol have cariogenic activity?

Answer 19

No, due to slow metabolization from oral microbes

Question 20

What is mannitol used on typically?

Answer 20

Used as a dusting agent for chewing gum and bulking agent in powdered foods

Question 21

Mannitol has ______% of the relative sweetness of sugar

Answer 21

50-70%

Question 22

What are the side effects of mannitol?

Answer 22

Lingers in intestines and may cause bloating/diarrhea

Question 23

Erythritol has ____% sweetness level compared to sucrose

Answer 23

60-80%

Question 24

Why is erythritol safe for people with diabetes?

Answer 24

does not affect blood glucose levels after ingestion

Question 25

What is erythritol?

Answer 25

a type of polyol that is a sugar alcohol containing zero calories

Question 26

Is erythritol cariogenic?

Answer 26

No, inhibits the growth of streptococcus mutans

Question 27

What are the side effects of erythritol?

Answer 27

When eaten in excessive amounts, may cause GI discomfort

Question 28

What is xylitol?

Answer 28

Naturally occurring caloric 5-carbon sugar alcohol *should ideally be used as the only sweetener in a product

Question 29

Why does xylitol exhibit antibacterial properties?

Answer 29

Nonfermentable by oral bacteria

Question 30

Where does xylitol come from?

Answer 30

Produced commercially from birch trees, corncobs and the waste from sugarcane

Question 31

Sweetness of xylitol is _______ sweetness level as sucrose, but it is ___ times more costly to produce

Answer 31

the same 10 times

Question 32

What is xylitol used in?

Answer 32

used in chewing gum, mints, mouthrinses, toothpaste, and sometimes found in syrup and candy

Question 33

How does xylitol act as an antibacterial?

Answer 33

* Decreases bacterial metabolism and produces a drop in dental plaque (increase in pH?) * Promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant mutans streptococci * Stimulates salivary secretion

Question 34

Xylitol promotes the selection of xylitol-resistant...

Answer 34

mutans streptococci

Question 35

Patient-based caries management with xylitol recommends...

Answer 35

-using xylitol-containing products in addition to daily fluoride exposure

Question 36

At least __g of xylitol per day needed to achieve optimum therapeutic effect on S. mutans

Answer 36

5.0

Question 37

Xylitol daily intake should be divided into _______ doses with exposure time of _____ minutes with each dose

Answer 37

3 or 4 doses 5-10 minutes

Question 38

When recommending xylitol products be sure to make it known to patients that xylitol is highly toxic to ______

Answer 38

dogs

Question 39

What does xylitol do to dogs?

Answer 39

* Causes rapid/severe increase of insulin productions and leads to hypoglycemia * Higher amounts of xylitol can lead to death

Question 40

What are the amounts of xylitol in popular gum brands? (idk if we need to know this)

Answer 40

* Spry gum: 0.5g xylitol per piece * Ice Cubes: 1.15g xylitol per piece * Trident: 0.17g xylitol per piece * Orbit: 0.009g-0.3g xylitol per piece (depends on flavor) * Epic gum: 1.06g xylitol perpiece

Question 41

What are the types of intense sweeteners?

Answer 41

- saccharin - aspartame - sucralose

Question 42

Saccharin is ______ times sweeter than sucrose?

Answer 42

200-700

Question 43

What are the properties of saccharin?

Answer 43

Nonnutritive and noncariogenic

Question 44

What is saccharin used in?

Answer 44

* Oldest artificial sweetener used in the US (Sweet ‘N’ Low) * Used as a sweetener in some toothpastes

Question 45

Aspartame is ____ times sweeter than sucrose

Answer 45

200

Question 46

Soft drinks account for more than ____% of aspartame consumption

Answer 46

70%

Question 47

FDA requires foods containing ____________ have the following label... "PHENYLKETONURICS: CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE"

Answer 47

aspartame

Question 48

American Cancer Society and World Health Organization has stated that there is limited evidence that consumption of __________ might cause cancer (specifically liver cancer).

Answer 48

aspartame

Question 49

What are the properties of sucralose?

Answer 49

Noncariogenic and nonnutritive - no carcinogenic risks

Question 50

Sucralose is ____ times sweeter than sucrose

Answer 50

600

Question 51

What is the problem with sucralose?

Answer 51

Poorly absorbed and is largely excreted in the feces and urine, unchanged

Question 52

What are the types of nonnutritive sweeteners?

Answer 52

- Stevioside (Stevia) - Monk Fruit

Question 53

Where is stevioside (Stevia) from?

Answer 53

Natural sweetener extracted from the leaves of a shrub found in South America

Question 54

Stevioside (Stevia) is _____ times sweeter than table sugar

Answer 54

100-300 times

Question 55

What is stevioside (stevia) good for?

Answer 55

Heat stable (good for baking)

Question 56

What are the beneficial properties of stevioside (stevia)?

Answer 56

Supports the prevention of caries; streptococcus mutans experience growth suppression and secretes less acid with presence of stevioside

Question 57

What is monk fruit sweetener from?

Answer 57

Natural, zero-calorie sweetener extracted from monk fruit

Question 58

Monk fruit is _____ times sweeter than table sugar?

Answer 58

100-250 times

Question 59

What are the benefits of monk fruit?

Answer 59

High in antioxidants, called mogrosides

Question 60

Where did monk fruit come from originally?

Answer 60

Used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine

Question 61

What might you need to do with monk fruit to reduce the intensity of sweetness?

Answer 61

Often mixed with other natural sweeteners (such as erythritol)