Summary of history

Question 1

Nativist

Answer 1

Rationalism, senses deceiving, should rely on logic. Abilities are innate to the brain

Question 2

Empiricism

Answer 2

Emphasises role of experience, perception and observation

Question 3

Democritus

Answer 3

All that exists are invisible particles which move in a void

Question 4

Myers Briggs compares…

Answer 4

Introversion/extraversion, intuition/sensing, feeling/thinking, judging/perceiving

Question 5

Cultural transition

Answer 5

Descartes, Locke, Hume, Kant, Kierkegaard

Question 6

Locke primary qualities

Answer 6

Mass, motion, size which exist independently of the mind, objective

Question 7

Locke secondary qualities

Answer 7

Colour, weight and smell. Exist in the mind, but not in the world, subjective

Question 8

Pineal gland

Answer 8

Endocrine gland that secretes melatonin, object of mythical theories and attributions. Descartes - ‘Seat of the soul’.

Question 9

Modern psychologists

Answer 9

Weber, Fechner, Wundt, Helmholtz, Pavlov

Question 10

Psychometrics

Answer 10

Galton, Binet, Spearman

Question 11

Psychometrics included meauring

Answer 11

Personality, intelligence, aptitude for skills, degree of mental illness, educational problems

Question 12

Galton’s intelligence tests

Answer 12

Thought intelligent people would have efficient and powerful NS. Power of brain related to size, measured RT. Failed to show eminent people were superior

Question 13

William Stern IQ

Answer 13

Mental age/chronological age x 100

Question 14

US developments

Answer 14

Lewis Terman - Adapted Binet’s tests to English. Gave to army in WW1. Used to screen immigrants, but because of cultural differences

Question 15

UK developments

Answer 15

Cyril Burt bought IQ tests to UK, conducted twin-studies to find intelligence was largely hereditary.

Question 16

Gall and phrenology

Answer 16

Believed faculties had specific locations in brain. Bumps on skull reflect size of phrenological organs. Wrong = shape of skull reflects brain, oversimplification of complex tasks, theory was observation which could be manipulated

Question 17

Structuralist psychology

Answer 17

Study of conscious experiences by introspection

Question 18

Gestalt psychology

Answer 18

A whole is more than its parts. Demonstrations were important, but weak

Question 19

Unconscious inference - Helmholtz

Answer 19

Brains perceptions contradict raw sensations. Visual illusions, based on prior visual learning experience

Question 20

Wundt

Answer 20

Introspection to study structuralism. Wondered whether complex mental experiences could be broken down into simple processes

Question 21

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 21

Emotions arise from conscious perception of your physiological condition

Question 22

Structural linguistics

Answer 22

Language made up of subsystems. Must learn structural items which are finite

Question 23

Functional linguistics

Answer 23

Language is also a means for doing things e.g. offering, suggesting, advising

Question 24

Pragmatism

Answer 24

The usefulness of beliefs

Question 25

Freud's theory of mental life (7)

Answer 25

Psychological development, personality, mental illness, everyday life, sociology, anthropology, cultural history

Question 26

Drives and instincts

Answer 26

Eros, libido, thanatos

Question 27

Superego

Answer 27

Conscience, stores morals and attitudes, preconscious

Question 28

Ego

Answer 28

Conscious, rational part. Keeps peace between id and superego

Question 29

Polymorphous perversity

Answer 29

Pure desire for pleasure - unconscious

Question 30

Psychosexual development

Answer 30

Oral (0-2), anal (2-3), phallic (3-7), latency (7-11), genital (11+)

Question 31

Hypnotherapy

Answer 31

Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer

Question 32

Neo-Freudians

Answer 32

Adler, Horney, Jung, A Freud

Question 33

Alfred Adler

Answer 33

Believed in childhood tensions, but thought they were social in nature rather than sexual. Looked at physical disabilities - some overcome challenges, some feel defeated

Question 34

Anna Freud

Answer 34

Superego speaks with language of guilt and shame. Only becomes clear when it confronts ego

Question 35

Purpose of defence mechanisms

Answer 35

Methods used by ego to protect itself against anxiety caused by conflict between id's demands and superegos constraints

Question 36

Displacement and projection

Answer 36

Displacement = cant express anger onto object of anger, so express anger to something which poses no threat. Projection = Disguising threatening impulses and attributing them to others

Question 37

Sublimation and reaction formation

Answer 37

Sublimation = expend energy on prosocial activities to avoid undesired activities. Reaction formation = Make unacceptable impulses into opposite, acceptable form

Question 38

Rationalisation and denial

Answer 38

Rationalisation = try to create logical explanations of behaviour to justify it. Denial = refuse to perceive reality to protect ourselves from it

Question 39

Humanism

Answer 39

Maslow, Rogers. Emphasise uniqueness, see human nature as good, optimistic about humanity and the future

Question 40

Maslow

Answer 40

3 types of needs - basic, those to know/understand, aesthetic. Satisfy lower basic, then safety, then love needs

Question 41

Describe esteem and self-actualisation needs

Answer 41

Esteem needs = High in regard, respect from others. Self-actualisation = see what exists in them as potential

Question 42

Rogers

Answer 42

Person-centred approach. Actualising tendency - move with complexity to goals, optimistic, open, trust instincts

Question 43

Conditions of person-centred therapy

Answer 43

Empathy, congruence/genuineness, unconditional positive regard

Question 44

Behaviourism

Answer 44

Reaction against introspection, studies observable behaviour. Pavlov, Skinner, Watson

Question 45

Noam Chomsky

Answer 45

Language not due to behaviourism, learn rules for language. Have innate capacity to learn language. Mind cannot be blank slate

Question 46

Parallel distributed processing

Answer 46

Connectionism, neural networks, model mental behaviour, show learning of behaviour

Question 47

Turing test

Answer 47

Test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence. Development of artificial intelligence

Question 48

Solving replication crisis

Answer 48

Replicate repeatedly, p-hacking, boost power, open data, materials & analysis, pre-registered confirmatory studies, open science practices in teaching, reward open science

Question 49

P-hacking

Answer 49

Adding in more analyses to find something that is significant

Question 50

Incentives to conduct correct research

Answer 50

Truth seeking, rigour, quality, reproducibility, novelty, impact