Summative #3 Memorization, Week 7

Question 1

Innervation of outer and inner surfaces of tympanic membrane

Answer 1

Outer surface = CNV3 (auriculotemporal)

Inner surface = CNIX (glossopharyngeal)

Question 2

Innervation of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles

Answer 2

Tensor Tympani = CNV3 (auriculotemporal)

Stapedius = CNVII (facial)

Question 3

3 branches of facial nerve through facial canal

Answer 3

Greater petrosal nerve
Motor portion
Chorda tympani

Question 4

Frequency range sensitivity for hearing

Answer 4

20 - 16,000/20,000 Hz

Question 5

Loudness range sensitivity for hearing and threshold for middle ear reflect

Answer 5

0 - 120 dB

Middle ear reflex > 75/85 dB

Question 6

Pathway for hearing (6 locations)

Answer 6

spiral ganglion cells > cochlear nuclei > nucleus of lateral lemniscus or superior olivary complex > inferior colliculus > medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) > primary auditory cortex

Question 7

Structures and threshold for intraural time detection

Answer 7

AVCN & MSO

Detects stimuli less than 3,000 Hz

Question 8

Structures and threshold for intraural intensity detection

Answer 8

AVCN & MNTB & LSO
Detects stimuli 2,000 Hz and above
Uses acoustic shadowing

Question 9

Fingolimod

Answer 9

MS drug, oral administration, sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibitor, prevents lymphocytes from leaving secondary lymphoid organs

Question 10

Glatiramer acetate

Answer 10

MS drug, subcutaneous administration, induces antigen-specific suppressor T-cells

Question 11

Interferon beta

Answer 11

MS drug, IM/subcutaneous administration, down regulates MHC and general autoimmune response

Question 12

Neuromyelitis optica

Answer 12

Women&raquo_space;» men
Bilateral optic neuritis + spinal cord demyelination
Antibodies against aquaporin 4

Question 13

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Answer 13

Acute monophonic demyelination post-viral infection or vaccination, can be very bad and cause death

Question 14

Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 14

Symptoms are real but anxiety/preoccupation are in excess

Question 15

Illness anxiety disorder

Answer 15

Preoccupation with having/acquiring a serious illness but not somatic symptoms

Question 16

Conversion disorder

Answer 16

“Functional neurological symptom disorder” - altered voluntary motor or sensory function

Question 17

Weber and Rinne results for conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 17

Conductive: Weber louder in affected ear, bone > air in affected ear
Sensorineural: Weber softer in affected ear, bone < air in affected ear

Question 18

Presbycusis

Answer 18

Hearing loss associated with aging, usually caused by hair cell degeneration

Question 19

Otosclerosis

Answer 19

Hereditary disorder of otic capsule bone (fixation of stapes footplate) with gradual progressive hearing loss

Question 20

Input layers to association cortex

Answer 20

Other cortical areas: I - V
Thalamus: IV
Subcortical regions: all regions

Question 21

Output layers from association cortex

Answer 21

II & III: other cortical areas
VI: thalamus
V: caudate, putamen, cerebellum

Question 22

Gerstmann’s syndrome

Answer 22

Lesion to left temporoparietal association area can cause left/right confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia

Question 23

Results of lesion to right temporoparietal association area

Answer 23

Left hemineglect, non-syntactic language deficit, constructional apraxia

Question 24

Lateral vestibular nucleus

Answer 24

Facilitates gravity-opposing muscles of limbs for posture maintenance

Question 25

Medial and superior vestibular nuclei

Answer 25

Facilitates stabilization of head in space and VOR

Question 26

Inferior vestibular nucleus

Answer 26

Functions in integration of vestibular, multi sensory, and cerebellar inputs

Question 27

Disulfiram

Answer 27

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, aversive treatment for alcohol consumption

Question 28

Acamprosate

Answer 28

Glutamate receptor modulator, reduces need to drink alcohol

Question 29

Cocaine

Answer 29

DA, 5HT, NE transport inhibitor Avoid beta-blockers in OD Withdrawal includes triphasic response

Question 30

Amphetamine

Answer 30

Increases DA, 5HT, NE release and blocks reuptake | Symptoms of withdrawal take 30-90 days to occur

Question 31

MDMA

Answer 31

Increases DA, 5HT, NE release Relaxed euphoric state, emotional openness and warmth, enhanced sensory perception etc... Interference with temperature regulation

Question 32

Opioids

Answer 32

Surge of euphoria followed by apathy, alternating wakefulness/drowsiness "on the nod" Pupillary constriction

Question 33

PCP

Answer 33

NMDA agonist - highly anticholinergic Paranoid delusions, bad drug Risk of NMS People tend to take their clothes off

Question 34

Ketamine

Answer 34

NMDA agonist | Produces dream-like state, dissociative anesthetic

Question 35

LSD

Answer 35

5HT2A receptor agonist | Multiple emotions, sensory crossover, can have flashbacks of certain aspects of drug experience

Question 36

Peyote

Answer 36

5HT2A receptor agonist | Hallucinogen kind of like LSD

Question 37

Psilocybin

Answer 37

5HT2A receptor agonist "Magic mushrooms" Perceptual alterations, body parts changing shape and size

Question 38

Dextromorphan

Answer 38

Period of nausea, then dissociative state with hallucinations and euphoria Found in cough syrup, weak NMDA agonist

Question 39

GHB

Answer 39

Metabolite of GABA, "date rape" drug, small therapeutic index

Question 40

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

Answer 40

15-30 seconds of true vertigo with change in head position, results in short-lives torsional nystagmus accompanied by vertigo

Question 41

Meniere's disease

Answer 41

Symptoms of fluctuating hearing, unilateral roaring tinnitus, unilateral aural fullness temporally related to episodes of vertigo caused by imbalance of cochlear fluids (4-6 hours)

Question 42

Vestibular neuritis or Labyrinthitis

Answer 42

Acute onset of constant vertigo with nausea and vomiting, often preceded by mild viral symptoms, horizontal nystagmus occurs in direction of involved ear initially, then after 2 or 3 days beats away from the involved ear Labyrinthitis is associated with hearing loss and vestibular neuritis is not

Question 43

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence

Answer 43

Opening or thinning in the bone overlying the superior semicircular canal of the inner ear allowing pressure to be transmitted to the inner ear, vertigo produced by coughing, sneezing

Question 44

Meclizine

Answer 44

Strong anticholinergic medication that can predispose to falls, especially in the elderly