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Biology summed > Summed > Flashcards

Summed Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The regulations of internal conditions within an organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to changes in stimuli

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2
Q

What are the 4 conditions that are kept constant in the body

A

Glucose concentration
Temperature
Water content
Mineral ion content

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3
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones?

A

Nerves :
-messages in electrical impulses
-travel via neurons
- faster communication
-CNS
hormones:
-endocrine system
-these are chemicals secreted by glands
-passed in bloodstream
-slower communication

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4
Q

5 steps to negative feedback ?

A
  • conditions change from set point
  • change is detected
  • corrective mechanisms switched on
  • conditions return to set point
  • corrective mechanisms turned off
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5
Q

Hypothalamus’ job?

A

Monitors body temperature

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6
Q

Thermoregulatory centres job?

A

Detects a temp change using receptors

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7
Q

Define vasodilation

A

Temps too high so sweating releases energy known as the cooling effect

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8
Q

Define vasoconstriction

A

Temps too low so sweating stops and shivering occurs

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9
Q

How are each of the following sensitive to change?
Eye
Ears
Nose/ tongue
Skin

A

Eyes - sensitive light / movement
Ears - sensitive to sound / balance
Nose / tongue - sensitive to chemicals in food
Skim - sensitive to touch, pressure, temp and pain

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10
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

They contain cell membranes, cytoplasm, nuclei and myelin sheaths surrounding the main body of cells ( insulator)

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11
Q

What is the order to a nervous response to change?

A

Stimuli
Receptors
Sensory neurone
CNS
Motor neurone
Effector

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12
Q

What is the order to a reflex action

A

Stimuli
Receptor
Sensory neurone
Relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector

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13
Q

What is a synapse and what are the steps to how they work?

A

They are gaps between 2 nerves. Impulse — neurotransmitters diffuse — chemical triggers impulse to continue — receptor receives impulse

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14
Q

What hormone does each of the following glands release?
Pituitary
Pancreas
Ovaries
Kidney
Testes
Thyroid
Adrenal gland

A

Pituitary - ADH
Pancreas - insulin
Ovaries - oestrogen
Kidney- Vitamin D
testes- testosterone
Thyroid - thyroxine
Adrenal glands -adrenaline

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15
Q

What happens when blood glucose is too low?

A

pancreas produces glucagon which then converts glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle cells

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16
Q

What happens when blood glucose is too high?

A

Glucose moves into the blood of cells and the liver and muscle cells convert excess glucose into glycogen for storage

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17
Q

What is type 1 diabetes and how is it treated?

A

Insulin isn’t produced as immune system attacks islet cells. You are born with it and requires regular insulin injections

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18
Q

What is type 2 diabetes and how is it treated?

A

Insulin is produced less and body becomes resistant to it. Controlling diet, exercise and weight is how it’s treated.

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19
Q

What hormones are produced by ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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20
Q

What hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

FSH And LH

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21
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes uterus lining to thicken

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22
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Maintains the uterus lining

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23
Q

What does LH do?

A

This causes egg release and stimulates progesterone

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24
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes egg maturation and stimulated oestrogen

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25
What are the five steps to the menstrual cycle?
FSH production, Oestrogen released, lining thickens, LH released, egg release
26
What’s in the mini pill?
Progesterone and not oestrogen
27
What’s in the combined pill?
Progesterone and oestrogen
28
What’s the implant?
Prevents egg release by slowly releasing progesterone into uterus
29
What are the 8 contraceptive methods?
Condoms intrauterine devices Diaphragm Abstinence Pill Surgical methods Chemical methods Implant
30
How many pairs of chromosomes in humans?
23 pairs
31
Define haploid
One set of chromosomes
32
Define diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
33
What is asexual reproduction?
This is where a single parent can reproduce to form clones of themselves. This doesn’t involve sex cells.
34
What is sexual reproduction?
This involves two parents and produces gametes. Sex cells are involved
35
What is mitosis?
Cell division where all cells are genetically identical
36
What is meiosis?
This involves two daughter cells that divide into 4 gametes. The cells are not genetically identical so variation occurs. It involves haploid chromosomes.
37
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid and is an instruction manual for genetic code
38
What are chromosomes
Coiled thread of DNA found in nuclei of cells
39
What is a gene?
A length of DNA that codes for the making of a particular protein
40
Define genome
A complete set of genes and its instructions
41
Define alleles
Different varieties of a gene
42
Define genotype
Genes within cells
43
Define phenotype
Physical appearance
44
Define heterozygous
One dominent allele one recessive
45
Define homozygous
Both dominant or both recessive alleles
46
What is the order to IVF?
1. Fertility drugs used for maturation 2. Eggs are placed into a pétri dish and mixed with a special solution 3. Semen is added from a sperm donor 4. Eggs checked for fertilisation 5. When they have become small balls of cells 1 or 2 are placed inside mother
47
What are factors causing IVF ( 5 )
Obesity Damaged oviducts Eating disorders Lack of hormones Lack of sperm
48
What is the chromosome set for a man and a woman?
Man - XY Woman - XX
49
What are the 3 stages to the ruler drop test?
1. Use of dominant hand rests whilst other person drops a ruler, 2. The hand rests at 0cm and catches the ruler when it is dropped, the cm which it is caught at is recorded and this repeats with other people 3. Recordings are then converted into reaction times
50
7 factors affecting reaction time?
Age Gender Physical fitness Level of fatigue Alcohol Personality type Caffeine
51
Define genetic variation
Genetic info Inherited via mother and father who produce gametes that combine during fertilisation
52
Define environmental variation
Changes carried out by an individual and are not caused by genes
53
Define selective breeding
Choosing animals / plants with the best traits and breeding them to make more
54
Define genetic engineering
Modification of a genome using a gene from a different organism in order to improve characteristics
55
How can cows milk be genetically engineered ? ( 3 things )
For extra protein For lower levels of cholesterol Human antibodies
56
State 4 advantages to genetically engineering
Improving crop yield Improving resistance to pesticides Overcome inherited disorders Extend shelf life
57
State 3 disadvantages to genetically engineering
Expensive Effects can be passed on to other crops / animals Needs for long term studies
58
What are the 5 steps to modification
1. Identify desired gene 2. Remove gene from DNA 3. Cut open DNA in the other organism 4. Insert removed gene using enzymes again 5. Clone the organism to produce lots of copies
59
What are Darwin’s main observations? ( 3 )
Members of the same species show variation All living things vary slightly in colour, shape, size or behaviour Some characteristics are Inherited to the next generation
60
What are fossils?
Preserved remains, impressions or traces of animals plants or other organisms that lived millions of years ago.
61
Define population
All the organisms of a species in a habitat
62
Define niche ( purpose )
How an organism fits into the environment, where it lives what it does
63
Define habitat
Environment the organisms lives in
64
Define community
All the populations of different organisms interacting in a place
65
Define ecosystem
Made of all interacting biotic and abiotic features
66
What are camels adaptations? ( 5 )
Big feet pads so they don’t sink Humps for water / food storage Long eyelashes to prevent sand getting in their eyes Thick lips to ear sticks and bones Thick insulating fur
67
Define behavioural adaptations and give an example
Actions differentiate to increase survival E.g possums playing dead
68
Define structural adaptions and give an example
Structural / physical body features E.g thick blabber on whales
69
Define functional adaptations and give an example
Processed occurring inside the body E.g hibernation
70
Define extremophile and give an example
Organisms that are adapted to live in extreme habitats. For e.g angler fish living in extreme darkness and produce light using bioluminescent bacteria
71
What are the 6 methods of seed dispersal
Gravity Wind Water Through animals ‘Explosions’ Catapulted / ballistically moved
72
Define extinction
The permanent loss of all members of a species
73
Give 5 causes of extinction
Climate change Predators Diseases Out-competed Catastrophic event e.g meteors
74
Define biomass
The amount of a certain producer / consumer / source etc
75
Define interdependence and what three things do animals depend on from each other?
If one species is removed it will affect the whole community - interdependence They depend on ; Food Shelter Pollination
76
Define décomposérs
Group of microorganism including bacteria / fungi that feed on dead animals plants or détrivores as well as their waste by secreting digestive enzymes to break down their cells
77
What are détritivores
These are maggots some worms and Beatles which eat dead animals / plants / waste and produce the waste material that decomposers eat.
78
What are the steps to the quadrat practical?
Make sure to know area of field beforehand and split the field into 1m square grids. Randomly pick sections using a random number generator Count the plants in each section using a quadrat Calculate the mean which is total species / amount of grids
79
What are the steps to the transect practical?
Place a measuring tape extending from one area to another, this is now the transect line. For every 1m or regular interval place the quadrat on the floor Count the number of species in each quadrat Plot data on graph and calculate mean
80
What is the pneumonic for remembering how to classify organisms
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
81
State 5 non-communicable diseases
Cancer Cystic fibrosis Sickle cell ammonia Polydactyly Haemophilia
82
What is cystic fibrosis?
A hereditary disorder affecting the exocrine glands. It causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to blockage in the pancreatic ducts, intestines and bronchi often leading to respirating infection
83
Is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant?
Recessive genetic disease
84
Define haemglobin
Red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates
85
86
What is sickle cell ammonia?
A sévère hereditary form of annemia in which a mutated form of haemglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.
87
88
State symptoms of sickle cell ammonia
Yellowish skin colour, extreme tiredness, painful hand/ foot swelling,
89
Is sickle cell ammonia dominant or recessive?
Recessive
90
91
What is polydactyly
A condition in which a person or animal has more than five fingers or toes on one, or on each, hand or foot
92
Is polydactyly dominant or recessive?
Dominant
93
94
What is haemophilia?
A medicinal condition in which the ability for blot clotting is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed from even a slight injury
95
96
State symptoms of haemophilia
Large/deep bruises, unusual bleeding after vaccinating, excessive and unexplained bleeding from cuts and injuries, pain swelling / tightness, nosebleeds, blood in urine
97
Is haemphobia recessive or dominant?
Recessive
98
99
What is genetic screening?
Testing groups of people for the presence of a particular allele or other genetic abnormality
100
What is the main purpose for genetic screening
To help diagnose a rare health condition in children
101
What is gene therapy?
Modification of somebody’s genes to treat or cure illnesses
102
What is stem cell treatment?
Replacement of damaged cells by chemotherapy with stem cells

Biology summed (1 decks)

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