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AP Language & Composition > Summer Assignment 2015-2016 > Flashcards

Summer Assignment 2015-2016 Flashcards

1
Q

Alliteration

A

The repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of consecutive words or syllables.

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2
Q

Allusion

A

An indirect reference, often to another text or historic event.

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3
Q

Analogy

A

An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.

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4
Q

Anaphora

A

The repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses

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5
Q

Anecdote

A

A short account of an interesting event.

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6
Q

Annotation

A

Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.

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7
Q

Antimetabole

A

The repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.

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8
Q

Antithesis

A

Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.

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9
Q

Antecedent

A

The noun to which a later pronoun refers.

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11
Q

Aphorism

A

A short astute statement of a general truth.

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12
Q

Appositive

A

A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.

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13
Q

Archaic diction

A

The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.

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14
Q

Argument

A

A statement put forth and supported by evidence.

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15
Q

Aristotelian triangle

A

A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see rhetorical triangle).

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16
Q

Assertion

A

An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.

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16
Q

Assumption

A

A belief or statement taken for granted without proof.

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16
Q

Asyndeton

A

Leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses (is this a joke? 😂).

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17
Q

Attitude

A

The speaker’s position on a subject as revealed through his or her tone.

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18
Q

Audience

A

One’s listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.

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19
Q

Authority

A

A reliable, respected source- someone with knowledge.

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20
Q

Bias

A

Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.

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21
Q

Cite

A

Identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from a source.

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22
Q

Claim

A

An assertion, usually supported by evidence.

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23
Q

Close reading

A

A careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.

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24
Q

Colloquial/ism

A

An informal or conversational use of language.

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25
Q

Common ground

A

Shared beliefs, values, or positions.

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26
Q

Complex sentence

A

A sentence that included one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

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27
Q

Concession

A

A reluctant acknowledgment or yielding

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28
Q

Connotation

A

That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word’s literal meaning (see denotation).

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29
Q

Context

A

Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.

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30
Q

Coordination

A

Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as “and”, or “but”.

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31
Q

Counterargument

A

A challenge to a position; an opposing argument.

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32
Q

Declarative sentence

A

A sentence that makes a statement.

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33
Q

Deduction

A

Reasoning from general to specific (see induction).

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34
Q

Denotation

A

The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition (see connotation).

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35
Q

Diction

A

Word choice.

36
Q

Documentation

A

Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.

37
Q

Elegiac

A

Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.

38
Q

Ethos

A

A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).

39
Q

Figurative language

A

The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal meaning to achieve literary effect.

40
Q

Figure of speech

A

An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.

41
Q

Hyperbole

A

Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.

42
Q

Imagery

A

Vivid use of language that evokes a reader’s senses (sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing).

43
Q

Imperative sentence

A

A sentence that requests or commands.

44
Q

Induction

A

Reasoning from specific to general (see deduction).

45
Q

Inversion

A

A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.

46
Q

Irony

A

A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result.

47
Q

Juxtaposition

A

Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.

48
Q

Logos

A

A Greek term that means “words”; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos).

49
Q

Metaphor

A

A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.

50
Q

Metonymy

A

Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.

51
Q

Oxymoron

A

A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.

52
Q

Paradox

A

A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true.

53
Q

Parallelism

A

The depiction of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns

54
Q

Parody

A

A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another; used for comic effect or ridicule.

55
Q

Pathos

A

A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and logos).

56
Q

Persona

A

The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.

57
Q

Polysyndeton

A

The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.

58
Q

Premise (major/minor)

A

Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the minor premise.
Major: All mammals are warm-blooded
Minor: All horses are mammals
Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded

59
Q

Propaganda

A

A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information

60
Q

Purpose

A

One’s intention of objective in a speech or piece of writing.

61
Q

Refute

A

To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.

62
Q

Rhetoric

A

The art of speaking or writing effectively.

63
Q

Rhetorical modes

A

Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrasts cause and effect, definition, exemplifies room, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.

64
Q

Rhetorical question

A

A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.

65
Q

Rhetorical triangle

A

A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian triangle)

66
Q

Satire

A

An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.

67
Q

Sentence patterns

A

The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions- such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

68
Q

Sentence variety

A

Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.

69
Q

Simile

A

A figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two things.

70
Q

Simple sentence

A

A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.

71
Q

Source

A

A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for more information.

72
Q

Speaker

A

A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.

73
Q

Straw man

A

A logical fallacy that involved the creating of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking the opponent’s position.

74
Q

Style

A

The distinctive quality of speech or writing created by the selection and arrangement of words and figures of speech.

75
Q

Subject

A

In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.

76
Q

Subordinate clause

A

A clause that modified an independent clause, created by a subordinating conjunction.

77
Q

Subordination

A

The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.

78
Q

Syllogism

A

A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise (see premise; major and minor)

79
Q

Syntax

A

Sentence structure

80
Q

Synthesize

A

Combining or bring together two or more elements to produce something more complex.

81
Q

Thesis

A

The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.

82
Q

Thesis statement

A

A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.

83
Q

Tone

A

The speaker’s attitude toward the subject or audience.

84
Q

Topic sentence

A

A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph that announces the paragraph’s idea and often unties it with the work’s thesis.

85
Q

Trope

A

Artful diction; the use of language in a no literal way; also called a figure of speech.

86
Q

Understatement

A

Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.

87
Q

Voice

A

In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.

88
Q

Zeugma

A

A construction in which one word (usually a verb) modified or governs- often in different, sometimes incongruent ways- two or more words in a sentence.

AP Language & Composition (1 decks)

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