Flashcards in Summer Flashcards Deck (93)
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Alliteration
The same sound at the beginning or end of consecutive words
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Allusion
An indirect reference
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Analogy
An extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things
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Anaphora
Repetition of words at the begining of successive clauses
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Anecdote
A short account of an interesting event
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Antimetabole
Repetition of words in inverted order to sharpen a contrast
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Antithesis
Parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas
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Aphorism
A short, astute statement of a general truth.
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Appositive
A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.
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Archaic Dictation
The use of words common to an earlier time period; antiquated language.
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Argument
A statement put forth and supported by language
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Aristotelian Triangle
A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship between the speaker, subject, and audience (see rhetorical triangle)
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Assertion
An emphatic statement; declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an arguement
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Assumption
A belief or statement without proof
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Asyndeton
Leaving out conjunctions
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Attitude
Speaker's position on subject as revealed through tone
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Audience
Listener or reader
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Authority
Reliable, respected source
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Bias
Prejudice or predisposition
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Cite
Identifying a piece of writing as being derived from a source.
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Claim
Assertion usually supported by evidence
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Close Reading
A careful reading that is attentive to the literary and structural elements of a text
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Colloquial/ism
Informal or conversational use of language
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Common Ground
Shared beliefs, values, or positions
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Complex Sentence
Sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
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Concession
A reluctant knowledge or yielding
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Connotation
That which is implied by a word, as opposed to the word’s literal
meaning (see denotation)
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Context
Words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.
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Coordination
Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often
through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but.
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Counterargument
A challenge to a position; an opposing argument
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Cumulative Sentence
An independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or
phrases that supply additional detail
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Declarative Sentence
A sentence that makes a statement.
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Deductive
Reasoning from general to specific.
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Denotation
The literal meaning of a word; its dictionary definition.
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Diction
Word choice
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Documentation
Bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of
writing.
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Elegiac
Mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.
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Epigram
A brief witty statement.
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Ethos
A Greek term referring to the character of a person; one of Aristotle’s
three rhetorical appeals (see logos and pathos).
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Figurative Language
The use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond literal
meaning to achieve literary effect.
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Figure of Speech
An expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying
a literal meaning.
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Hyperbole
Exaggeration for the purpose of emphasis.
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Imagery
Vivid use of language that evokes a reader’s senses (sight, smell, taste,
touch, hearing).
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Imperative Sentence
A sentence that requests or commands.
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Induction
Reasoning from specific to general.
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Inversion
A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.
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Irony
A contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between
action and result.
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Juxtaposition
Placement of two things side by side for emphasis.
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Logos
A Greek term that means “word”; an appeal to logic; one of Aristotle’s
three rhetorical appeals (see ethos and pathos)
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Metaphor
A figure of speech or trope through which one thing is spoken of as
though it were something else, thus making an implicit comparison.
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Metonymy
Use of an aspect of something to represent the whole.
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Occasion
An aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.
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Oxymoron
A figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms.
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Paradox
A statement that seems contradictory but is actually true
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Parallelism
The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns.
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Parody
A piece that imitates and exaggerates the prominent features of another;
used for comic effect or ridicule.
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Pathos
A Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with
broader appeals to emotion; one of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals (see
ethos and logos).
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Persona
The speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of
writing.
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Personification
Assigning lifelike characteristics to inanimate objects.
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Polemic
An argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or
religion.
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Polysyndeton
The deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.
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Premise
Two parts of a syllogism. The concluding sentence of a
syllogism takes its predicate from the major premise and its subject from the
minor premise.
Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded.
Minor premise: All horses are mammals
Conclusion: All horses are warm-blooded (see syllogism).
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Propaganda
A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than
present information.
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Purpose
One’s intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.
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Refute
To discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument
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Retoric
The study of effective, persuasive language use; according to Aristotle,
use of the “available means of persuasion.”
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Rhetorical Modes
Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose;
modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison
and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and
division, process analysis, and argumentation.
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Rhetorical Question
A question asked more to produce an effect than to summon
an answer.
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Rhetorical Triangle
A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship
among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (see Aristotelian
triangle
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Satire
An ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something,
but actually argues against it.
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Scheme
A pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.
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Sentence Pattern
The arrangement of independent and dependent clauses
into known sentence constructions—such as simple, compound, complex, or
compound-complex.
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Sentence Variety
Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect
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Simile
A figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two things.
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Simple Sentence
A statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent
clause
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Source
A book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.
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Speaker
A term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective
(real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing.
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Straw Man
A logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position;
misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent’s position
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Style
The distinctive qualitiy of speech or writing created by the selection and
arrangement of words and figures of speech.
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Subject
In rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.
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Subordinate Clause
Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies
an independent clause.
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Subordination
The dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.
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Syllogism
A form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported
by a major and minor premise (see premise; major, and minor).
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Syntax
Sentence Structure
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Synthesize
Combining or bringing together two or more elements to produce
something more complex.
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Thesis
The central idea in a work to which all parts of the work refer.
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Thesis Statement
A statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or
implicit.
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Tone
The speaker’s attitude toward the subject or audience.
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Topic Sentence
A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph,
that announces the paragraph’s idea and often unites it with the work’s
thesis
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Trope
Artful diction; the use of language in a nonliteral way; also called a figure
of speech.
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Understatement
Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language
often used for ironic effect.
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Voice
In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active
or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of
writing.
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