Summer Supplement

Question 1

What makes cell biology reductionist?

Answer 1

Studying parts helps understand the whole

Question 2

Discovery of cells stems from the inventions of..?

Answer 2

The microscope by Robert Hooke

Question 3

Cell theory was articulated in ________ by _______.

Answer 3

mid-1800s (Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow)

Question 4

Cell theory

Answer 4

Living things are made of one or more cells, cells are the smallest unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 5

What are cultured cells?

Answer 5

Cells that are grown and reproduce for extended periods (cultured cells are important for cell biology)

Question 6

Example of cultured cells

Answer 6

HeLa cells (isolated from a tumor from a cancer patient in 1951 and still cultured today)

Question 7

Prokaryotes include…

Answer 7

Bacteria and archea that arose ~3.7 billion years ago

Question 8

Eukaryotes include…

Answer 8

Protists, animals, plants, and fungi

Question 9

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes can be differentiated by…

Answer 9

Their size and different type of organelles

Question 10

What is a chemoautotroph?

Answer 10

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidize inorganic materials to extract energy

Question 11

The first prokaryote appeared _____ years ago. The first unicellular Eukaryote appeared _____ years ago.

Answer 11

~3900 - 2500 million and 1850 million years ago (Prokaryotes gave rise to eukaryotes)

Question 12

What are the major divisions of life?

Answer 12

Bacteria, archea, eukaryotes

Question 13

What is endosymbiont theory?

Answer 13

Organelles in eukaryotic cells evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells upon unsuccessful consumption (mitochondria and chloroplasts)

Question 14

Types of prokaryotic cells include…

Answer 14

Archea (methanogens, halophiles, acidophiles, and thermophiles) and Bacteria

Question 15

What are the smallest known cells?

Answer 15

Mycoplasma

Question 16

What are cyanobacteria?

Answer 16

Photosynthetic bacteria that give rise to green plants and an oxygen-rich atmosphere

Question 17

What is nitrogen fixation?

Answer 17

Chemical process that turns molecular nitrogen into ammonia or other nitrogen compounds (some bacteria are capable of doing this)

Question 18

What is Vorticella?

Answer 18

Complex ciliated protist with contractile ribbon in the stalk and a large macronucleus (example of how unicellular eukaryotes are complex)

Question 19

What is “differentiation” in terms of cell specialization?

Answer 19

A step in embryonic development where cells develop different arrangements and organelles in order to serve a specific function in the organism (despite differentiation, the cells will still have many common features)

Question 20

What are the most abundant atoms in organic molecules?

Answer 20

CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen) –> In order of most to least abundant

Question 21

What are the valences for each of the atoms in organic molecules?

Answer 21

C - 4, H - 1, O - 2, N - 3

Question 22

Subunits create macromolecules with what type of bonding?

Answer 22

Covalent bonding

Question 23

Macromolecules, in order to undergo macromolecular assembly, associate with what type of bonding?

Answer 23

Noncovalent bonding

Question 24

What are the types of noncovalent bonds?

Answer 24

Ionic bonding, Hydrogen bonding, and Van der Waals interactions

Question 25

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 25

Attraction between 2 ions (charged molecules) Weakened by water and significant between large, biological molecules. Negative meets positive.

Question 26

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 26

Hydrogen attracts an atom outside of it;s original bond (Usually an electronegative atom, as bonded hydrogens will still have a partial positive charge) Explains how water molecules arrange themselves

Question 27

What are Van der Waals forces?

Answer 27

Attraction between nonpolar molecules (Occurs due to transient dipole formation - Electrons move in electron clouds meaning charges are constantly moving) Molecules need to be very close togethe to experience this interaction

Question 28

What are hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 28

Molecules that are hydrophobic, i.e. uncharged molecules, don't like to touch hydrogen bonds, and avoid doing so by "wrapping" themselves up in proteins or other hydrophobic molecules

Question 29

What is molecular complimentary?

Answer 29

Noncovalent interactions between 2 proteins, or a protein and DNA (Makes biological macromolecules)

Question 30

What are the 3 interaction determining properties of water?

Answer 30

Assymetric, Does not evaporate easily, Excellent solvent

Question 31

What does it mean for a molecule to be amphoteric?

Answer 31

The molecule can act as an acid or a base (i.e. water)

Question 32

What is a buffer and what does it do?

Answer 32

A buffer is a (usually) amphoteric compound, or mixture of 2 compunds (an acid and a base) that helps resist changes to the body's pH

Question 33

What is an example of a buffer?

Answer 33

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) and Carbonic acid (H2CO3) --> Buffer for blood

Question 34

What are the 4 types of macromolecules? What are their monomers?

Answer 34

Carbohydrates (sugars), Proteins (amino acids), Lipids (fatty acids), Nucleic acids (nucleotides)