Summer Vocabulary

Question 1

Categorical Variable

Answer 1

Variable that places an individual into one of several groups or categories.

Question 2

Census

Answer 2

Study that attempts to collect data from every individual in the population.

Question 3

Bar Graph

Answer 3

Graph used to display the distribution of a categorical variable or to compare the sizes of different quartiles

Question 4

Association

Answer 4

Knowing the value of one variable helps predict the value of the other.

Question 5

Bimodal

Answer 5

A graph of quantitative data with two clear peaks.

Question 6

Back-to-back Stems

Answer 6

Plot used to compare distribution of a quantitative variable for two groups.

Question 7

Boxplot

Answer 7

Graph of the five number summary. The box spans the quartiles and shows the spread of the central half of the distribution.

Question 8

Individuals

Answer 8

Objects described by a set of data. Individuals may be people, animals, or things.

Question 9

Variable

Answer 9

Any characteristics of an individual. A variable can take different values for different individuals.

Question 10

Quantitative Variable

Answer 10

Variable that takes numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average.

Question 11

Discrete Variables

Answer 11

Takes a fixed set of possible values with gaps between. The probability distribution of a discrete random variable gives its possible values and their probabilities.

Question 12

Continuous

Answer 12

Information that can be measured on a continuum or scale.

Question 13

Univariate Data

Answer 13

Observations on only a single characteristic or attribute

Question 14

Bivariate Data

Answer 14

Data on each of two variables, where each value of one of the variables is paired with a value of the other variable

Question 15

Population

Answer 15

In a statistical study, the entire group of individuals we want information about.

Question 16

Sample

Answer 16

Subset of individuals in the population from which we actually collect data.

Question 17

Distribution

Answer 17

Tells what values a variable takes and how often it takes these values.

Question 18

Inference

Answer 18

Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand.

Question 19

Frequency Table

Answer 19

Table that displays the count of observations in each category or class.

Question 20

Relative Frequency Table

Answer 20

Table that shows the percents of observations in each category or class.

Question 21

Roundoff Error

Answer 21

Difference between the calculated approximation of a number and its exact mathematical value.

Question 22

Pie Chart

Answer 22

Chart that shows the distribution of a categorical variable as a pie whose slices are sized by the counts or percents for the categories. A pie chart must include all the categories that make up a whole.

Question 23

Two-Way Table

Answer 23

Table of counts that organizes data about two categorical variables.

Question 24

Marginal Distribution

Answer 24

The distribution of one of the categorical variables in a 2-way table of counts among all individuals described by the table.

Question 25

Conditional Distribution

Answer 25

Term that describes the values of one variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable. There is a separate conditional distribution for each value of the other variable.

Question 26

Spread

Answer 26

The extent to which a distribution is stretched or squeezed

Question 27

Segmented Bar Graph

Answer 27

Graph used to compare the distribution of a categorical variable in each of several groups.

Question 28

Side-by-side Bar Graph

Answer 28

Graph used to compare the distribution of a categorical variable in each of several groups. For each value of the categorical variable, there is a bar corresponding to each group.

Question 29

Simpson's Paradox

Answer 29

phenomenon in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

Question 30

Dotplot

Answer 30

Simple graph that shows each data value as a dot above its location on a number line.

Question 31

Shape

Answer 31

Analysis of the geometrical properties of some given set of shapes by statistical methods.

Question 32

Center

Answer 32

Different measures of the middle of a distribution

Question 33

Range

Answer 33

Difference between maximum and minimum.

Question 34

Outlier

Answer 34

Individual value that falls outside the overall pattern of a distribution.

Question 35

Symmetric

Answer 35

A graph in which the right and left sides are approximately mirror images of each other.

Question 36

Skewed Right

Answer 36

Right side of graph is much longer than left side.

Question 37

Skewed Left

Answer 37

Left side of graph is much longer than right side.

Question 38

Unimodal

Answer 38

A graph of quantitative data with one clear peak.

Question 39

Multimodal

Answer 39

A graph of quantitative data with more than 2 clear peaks.

Question 40

Stemplot

Answer 40

Simple graphical display for fairly small data sets that gives a quick picture of the shape of a distribution while including the actual numerical values of the graph.

Question 41

Splitting Stems

Answer 41

Method for spreading out a stemplot that has too few stems.

Question 42

Plots

Answer 42

Graphs showing the relation between two variables.

Question 43

Histogram

Answer 43

Graph that displays the distribution of a quantitative variable. The horizontal axis is marked in the units of measurement for the variable. The vertical axis contains the scale of counts or percents. Each bar in the class represents an equal width class.

Question 44

Mean

Answer 44

Arithmetic average. Add all values up then divide by number of values.

Question 45

Median

Answer 45

Midpoint of a distribution. 1/2 of observations are smaller 1/2 are larger.

Question 46

Interquartile Range

Answer 46

IQR = 3rd quartile - 1st quartile

Question 47

Five-Number Summary

Answer 47

Smallest observation, 1st quartile, median, third quartile, and largest observation.

Question 48

Standard Deviation

Answer 48

Statistics that measures the typical distance of the values in a distribution from the mean.

Question 49

Variance

Answer 49

Average squared deviation of the observations in a data set from their mean.