Summit Diplomacy

Question 1

Yalta Summit

Answer 1

• February 1945

Key Agreements:
Division of Germany:
Germany would be divided into four zones (US, UK, USSR, France).
Berlin would also be divided the same way.

Free Elections in Eastern Europe (Declaration of Liberated Europe):
Stalin agreed to allow free elections in Eastern European countries, especially Poland.

Allies agreed to the creation of the UN

War Against Japan:
Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan three months after Germany’s defeat.

Reparations:
Germany would pay reparations, partly in the form of forced labor.

Question 2

Potsdam summit

Answer 2

• July/August 1945
  Key Agreements:
  Demilitarization and Denazification of Germany. Germany to remain divided temporarily.

Poland’s Borders:
USSR was allowed to keep eastern Poland, while Poland gained German land in the west.

Reparations:
Each power would take reparations from their own zone.
USSR allowed to take some from Western zones too.

• Growing mistrust, especially at Potsdam, with Truman’s tougher stance.
• The atomic bomb secrecy worsened Soviet suspicions.

Question 3

Geneva conference (Vietnam)

Answer 3

• 1954
• Vietnam divided into North and South at 17th parallel following French loss at Dien Bien Phu

Question 4

Geneva Summit

Answer 4

• 1955
• open skies proposal by Eisenhower
• disarmament, reunification of Germany discussed
• no agreements reached
• first step towards easing tension

Question 5

Camp David Summit

Answer 5

• 1959
• Eisenhower had invited Khrushchev to the official US presidential residence at Camp David, demonstrated respect that Khrushchev stepped on US soil.
• no agreement on the long term fate of Berlin reached
• agreed further agreements to be made at Paris
• Khrushchev removed Berlin ultimatum
• remembered for the ‘spirit of Camp David’

Question 6

Paris Summit

Answer 6

• 1960
• Just 13 days before the summit on the 1st may 1960, an American U2 spy plane was shot down by the USSR
• At the conference, Khrushchev demanded Eisenhower apologise for the incident and walked out when Eisenhower refused
• No deal was reached on Cuba or Berlin and the relationship deteriorated further.

Question 7

Moscow Summit

Answer 7

• 1972
• President Nixon becomes the first US president to visit Moscow.
• Features signing of SALT I
• marks the beginning of detente
• Nixon ended the summit with a televised speech to the USA and USSR

Question 8

Vladivostock Summit

Answer 8

• 1974
• Purpose was to extend arms control provisions between the USA and the USSR, paving the way for SALT II as SALT I was set to expire in 1977

Question 9

Helsinki accords

Answer 9

• 1975
• a significant diplomatic effort to improve relations between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War.
• Three “baskets” focusing on borders, human rights, and economic/technological cooperation. While not a binding treaty, the accords established a framework for increased interaction and cooperation between participating states.
• The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, in violation of the Helsinki principles, demonstrated that the accords were not a panacea and that East-West tensions could still erupt.

Question 10

Vienna Summit

Answer 10

• 1979
• SALT II was finalised in June 1979 in Vienna. The terms were:
  ICBM and SLBM launchers and heavy bombers were not to exceed 2,400.
  There was to be an overall reduction of strategic offensive arms to 2,250 by January 1981
  There was to be an overall limit to MIRVs, ASBMs, ICBM and SLBMs.

Question 11

Geneva Summit

Answer 11

• 1985
• First meeting between Gorbachev and Reagan

Question 12

Reykjavik summit

Answer 12

• 1986

Question 13

Washington Summit

Answer 13

• 1987

Question 14

Moscow Summit

Answer 14

• 1988

Question 15

Malta Summit

Answer 15

• 1989