sun care Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Clothing and umbrellas
were used for sun protection.
A
Early Ages: Ancient Egypt,
Mesopotamia, China, and India
2
Q
Many forms of physical protection have been used, including oils, tars
and herbs, and plant exracts.
A
Victorian Times
3
Q
It was widely believed that sunburn was caused by heat damage.
A
19th Century
4
Q
Johann Ritter discovered UV light. UV radiation was causing skin cells to become inflamed; not heat, that caused sunburn.
A
1801
5
Q
Everard Home discovered that melanin protects the skin from
sunlight.
A
1820
6
Q
Karl Eilham Hausser and Wilhelm Vahle discovered specific UV wavelengths caused sunburn and
developed a sunscreen in the
US.
A
Late 1920s
7
Q
The first commercially available sunscreen product was introduced by Eugene Schueller in France, the
founder of L’Oréal.
A
1930s
8
Q
He discovered UV light.
A
Johann Ritter
9
Q
He discovered that melanin protects the skin from sunlight.
A
Everard Home
10
Q
They discovered specific UV wavelengths caused sunburn and
developed a sunscreen in the
US.
A
Karl Eilham Hausser and
Wilhelm Vahle
11
Q
The first commercially available sunscreen product was introduced by, the founder of L’Oréal.
A
Eugene Schueller in France
12
Q
Franz Greiter in Austria created a product called Glacier Cream to protect against the sun while
climbing.
A
Late 1930s
13
Q
He created a product called Glacier Cream to protect against the sun while climbing.
A
Franz Greiter in Austria
14
Q
The first Sunscreen Product was invented in Florida by Benjamin
Green, which was known as “red vet pet”
A
1940s
15
Q
The first Sunscreen Product was invented in Florida by __, which was known as “red vet pet”
A
Benjamin Green
16
Q
The concept of SPF was introduced in the 1960s by
A
Franz Greiter
17
Q
FDA reclassified sunscreens from cosmetics to OTC drugs, and labeling requirements became
stricter.
A
1972
18
Q
Consumers started to learn more about the negative effects of sunlight, and suntan lotions and similar products began to disappear.
A
1980s
19
Q
Three main types of Ultraviolet Radiation
A
UVC
UVB
UVA
20
Q
ranges from 100 to 280 nm and is
blocked out by the ozone layer.
A
UVC
21
Q
ranges from 280 to 320 nm
Mainly penetrate the superficial skin layers, i.e., epidermis.
Major cause of sunburn.
A
UVB
22
Q
radiation ranges from 320 to 400 nm.
Rays penetrate deeper into the skin,
down to the dermis.
A
UVA
23
Q
UVA II
A
320-340 nm
24
Q
UVA I
A
340-400 nm
25
It is a measure that indicates how long it takes for UV rays to redden protected skin (i.e., skin with sunscreen) compared to unprotected skin (i.e., skin without
sunscreen).
Sun Protection Factor
26
As the SPF value increases, sunburn protection increases.
27
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE HOW MUCH UV RADIATION WE
ARE EXPOSED TO
• Geography
• Altitude
• Time of the Year
• Time of the Day
• Weather Conditions
• Reflection
28
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR
ENERGY TO WHICH A CONSUMER IS EXPOSED
• Skin Type
• The Amount of Sunscreen Applied
• Reapplication of Sunscreen
29
UV Radiation’s main positive effect is related to __ production in human skin, which is catalyzed by __.
vitamin D
UVB light
30
It is helpful in certain skin conditions that do not respond to other methods of therapy, such as psoriasis, eczema, certain fungal skin infections, and acne.
Phototherapy
31
It is a sign of skin damage and accelerates aging; and can also increase the risk for all types of skin cancer.
Tanning
32
UV is a proven human carcinogen; considered the main cause of non-melanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
UV radiation is one of the major risks for the development of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer
33
These are designed to provide photoprotection against the harmful radiation of the sun, including both UVA and UVB radiations
SUNSCREENS
34
These are products whose main purpose is to provide photoprotection for the skin, such as beach sunscreens and products used for outdoor activities.
Primary
35
These are products that have a primary use other than skin protection, such as daily moisturizing creams, anti aging creams, and color cosmetics, such as facial foundations.
Secondary
36
These are designed to be used after exposure to the sun or other UV radiation.
After-Sun Products
37
Technical Qualities of Sun Care
Products
Proven efficacy
Long-term Stability
Appropriate Texture
Appropriate Rheological Properties
Photostability
Dermatological Safety
38
ingredients of sunscreens and are identified on product labels as active ingredien
UV filters
39
UV filters are classified into
two groups based on their
mechanism of action:
Physical Sunscreen
Chemical Sunscreen
40
"inorganic UV filters"
reflect and scatter UV radiation
Physical Sunscreens
41
two approved physical filters:
titanium dioxide (Ti02) and zinc
oxide (ZnO)
42
"organic UV filters"
aromatic compounds
Chemical Sunscreen
43
UVB absorbing filters:
octinoxate, octisalate, and padimate O.
44
UVA absorbing filters:
avobenzone, oxybenzone, and
meradimate.
45
used to increase their water-resistance properties.
WATERPROOFING AGENTS
46
WATERPROOFING AGENTS
silicone oils (dimethicone 350,
cyclomethicone, and
trimethylsiloxysilicate)
47
prevent the degradation of organic UV filters.
PHOTOSTABILIZERS
48
PHOTOSTABILIZERS
octocrylene (for avobenzone), titanium dioxide, and polyester-8
49
help increase water resistance since they are not washed off easily
EMOLLIENTS
50
EMOLLIENTS
mineral oil
shea butter
castor oil
cocoa butter
isopropyl myristate
isohexadecane
paraffin
and silicones
51
essential ingredient in O/W and W/O
emulsions as well as in gels.
WATER
52
used to provide the appropriate stability for the products.
EMULSIFIER
53
EMULSIFIER
- glyceryl stearate
- PEG-100 stearate
- cetyl alcohol
- polyglyceryl-3-methylglucose
distearate
- cetyl dimethicone copolyol
54
act as rheology modifiers; they affect application, spreadability, and efficacy of sunscreens.
THICKENERS
55
THICKENERS
carbomers; cellulose derivatives
(hydroxypropylcellulose) gums
(xanthan gums), acrylates/C10-
30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer,
and waxes.
56
help form an even and uniform film on the skin after application and
drying.
FILM-FORMING INGREDIENTS
57
FILM-FORMING INGREDIENTS
hydrolyzed wheat protein/PVP cross polymer
methylcellulose
polyester-7
acrylates/octylacrylamid
copolymer
58
help prevent oxidative reaction.
ANTIOXIDANTS
59
ANTIOXIDANTS
Vitamin E and C
60
necessary when water is present in the formulation
PRESERVATIVES
61
PRESERVATIVES
parabens
benzyl alcohol
methylchloroisothiazolinone
methylisothiazolinone
phenoxyethanol
62
provides moisturization
HUMECTANT
63
HUMECTANT
sorbitol
glycerin, and
propylene glycol
64
contribute to the stability of the system.
CHELATING AGENT
65
CHELATING AGENT
EDTA and its derivatives
66
essential in aerosol sunscreens, they help expel the content of the
aerosol can.
PROPELLANTS
67
PROPELLANTS
isobutane and dimethyl ether
68
PH MODIFIERS (NEUTRALIZERS)
citric acids and
triethanolamine
69
NATURAL INGREDIENTS
allantoin, aloe vera,
panthenol, and
vitamins
70
Additional Ingredients of Sunscreens
PH modifiers ( Neutralizer)
Natural Ingredientd
Fragrances
Colorants
71
are the most popular since they offer a variety of textures (sprayable lotions, thicker lotions, and creams)
Emulsions
72
the multiposition spray nozzles allow for quick and easy application by covering a relatively large area on the body, and it is also one of the most popular formulations.
Aerosol sprays
73
provide a nice skin feel and absorb quickly; however, providing water-resistance properties is quite difficult.
Gels
74
are available as lipsticks and lip balms as well as sticks for babies.
Sticks
75
were quite popular years ago when
many people used low-SPF products and wanted a deep-colored tan.
Ointment and oils
76
the latest sunscreen formulations, which are similar to wet facial wipes. These are pre-moistened by the manufacturer.
Wipes
77
Cosmetic products: containing sunscreens (which are considered drugs for this reason).
BB creams, CC creams, facial liquid
foundation
78
UVB protection is not enough.
Combining physical and chemical UV filters allows for a better coverage of the UVB and UVA spectrums, resulting in broad-spectrum protection.
79
UV filters are either hydrophilic or lipophilic.
When combined, a synergetic effect can be observed. This property can be used to obtain higher efficacy against UVB and UVA radiations.
80
The combination of organic and inorganic filters is also advantageous.
Combining nano-TiO2 with chemical UV filters often provides better UVB
protection than expected, based on the SPF of each ingredient.
81
Applying photostabilizers is very important in all formulations
containing chemical filters.
In order to prevent photodegradation, various photoprotective ingredients should be included in the formulations
82
Homogenous distribution of the active ingredients in the
product is also very important.
Vehicles that dissolve and disperse
the UV filters uniformly can enhance the overall UV protection by
providing an even coverage on the skin, thus better protecting
against sunburn.
83
otherwise known as sunburn preparations, are used to hydrate the skin and soothe irritated, red, burnt skin.
Even if no sunburn occurs, after exposure to UV radiation, the skin needs care, including soothing, smoothing, and moisturizing.
After-sun preparations
84
85
It is an acute inflammatory skin reaction for excessive exposure to UV radiation, which can come from a variety of sources, including sun, tanning beds, and phototherapy lamps.
Sunburn
86
Sunburn is generally classified as a
superficial or a first-degree burn.
87
Most after-sun formulations are O/W emulsions (such as lotions, creams, and sprays) and gels containing moisturizers as well as anti-inflammatory agents
and antioxidants.
88
Ingredients in Sunburn
Preparations
• Soothing and Anti Inflammatory
• Cooling agents
• Antioxidants
• Moisturizer
89
helps alleviate pain, redness, and burning.
Soothing and anti-inflammatory
90
Soothing and anti-inflammatory ingredients
• azulene and bisabolol (from chamomile), allantoin, aloe extract,
and panthenol.
• Witch hazel (astringent and anti-inflammatory)
91
provides an immediate short cold sensation. They soothe and alleviate the warm sensation and tenseness of sun-irritated skin, for a short period of time.
Cooling agents
92
Cooling agents
menthol, eucalyptus, alcohol
humectants and emollients
93
It helps replenish the depleted antioxidant pool and/or boost
the antioxidant defense of the horny layer.
Antioxidants
94
Antioxidants
vitamine E, vitamine A, green tea extract, pomegranate extract
95
help replace the water lost during sun exposure to improve
elasticity and dryness by maintaining moisture levels.
Moisturizers
96
Moisturizers
humectant and emollients
97
Typical Quality Problems of
Sun Care Products
Valve clogging,
Separation of emulsions,
Microbiological contamination,
Clumping, and
Rancidification
98
it is usually determined by measuring the weight loss over time, it is also known as aerosol discharge rate.
Spray rate
99
refers to the area of the sunscreen spray that hits the skin.
Spray pattern
100
are formed upon expansion and rapid evaporation of the propellant after expelling the product from the
can.
Sunscreen spray droplet
101
a basic requirement for all aerosol containers. One of the general
testing methods is the immersion method
AEROSOL CAN LEAKAGE
102
allows the measurement of the force required to release sunscreens from aerosol cans.
ACTUATION FORCE FOR AEROSOL CANS
103
it subjects the containers to hot water.
PRESSURE TEST
104
hardness for sunscreen sticks depends on the type and the
ratio of the ingredients.
STICK HARDNESS
105
It is an indication of the limit of safe storage.
MELTING POINT OF STICKS
106
a sunscreen stick should withstand a range of conditions to which is will be subjected in the consumer's handbag.
SOFTENING POINT OF STICKS
107
refers to the weight of a product transferred to a surface, for
example, the skin, upon application.
PAY-OFF AND GLIDE
108
The majority of the sunscreens and after-sun preparations are supplied in plastic bottles, usually with a
flip-top cap
109
Some low-viscosity sunscreens as well as sunbathing oils are packed into plastic bottles with a pump
head.
110
Aerosol sunscreens are packaged
into __. These are one-compartment cans, where the formulation and the propellant are
mixed together.
aerosol cans
111
These are ready-to-use, pre-wetted formulations.
These are usually packed into
soft sachets with either a
resealable flap or a flip-top
cap.
Wipes
