Superficial Face

Question 1

what are the cutaneous nerve branches of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 1

V1: supraorbital and supratrochlear
V2: infraorbital
V3: long buccal, mental and auriculotemporal

Question 2

what are the 4 muscles of facial expression?

Answer 2

orbicularis oculi
orbicularis oris
platysma
buccinator

Question 3

what is the function of the orbicularis oculi?

Answer 3

closes eye

Question 4

what is the function of orbicularis oris?

Answer 4

purses lips

Question 5

what is the function of the buccinator muscle?

Answer 5

holds food between teeth and assits in chewing

Question 6

what is the function of the platysma?

Answer 6

flares skin of the neck

Question 7

where does the facial nerve branch? what do the branches innervate and what are the branches?

Answer 7

branches within the parotid gland

innervate muscles of facial expression

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical

Question 8

what is the function of the temporal branch of the facial nerve?

Answer 8

raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead

Question 9

what is the function of the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve?

Answer 9

closes eye tightly

Question 10

what is the function of the buccal branch of the facial nerve?

Answer 10

smile, pucker lips and show upper teeth

Question 11

what is the function of the marginal amndibular branch of the facial nerve?

Answer 11

show lower teeth

Question 12

what is the function of the cervical branch of the facial nerve?

Answer 12

flare skin of the neck

Question 13

what is Bell’s Palsy?

Answer 13

facial paralysis or paresis from damage of facial nerve or branches

causes loss of ability to generate all or some facial expressions

Question 14

what are the main arteries/veins of the face?

Answer 14

superficial temporal, transverse facial and facial

Question 15

what are the arterial branches of the face?

Answer 15

infraorbital (maxillary), superior labial (facial), inferior labial (facial) and mental

Question 16

what do emissary veins do?

Answer 16

communicate between veins of scalp and face and veins inside cranial cavity

Question 17

what do the angular veins of the face communicate with? what does this connection allow?

Answer 17

cavernous sinus via veins of orbit

transmission of infection from face to cavernous sinus

Question 18

what is the parotid gland and what parasympathetics is it innervated by?

Answer 18

salivary gland innervated by parasympathetics in CN IX

Question 19

where is the parotid duct located? and where does it open into?

Answer 19

superficial to masseter muscle
oral cavity (upper 2nd molar)

Question 20

where is the retromandibular vein and external carotid artery located?

Answer 20

behind the parotid gland

Question 21

what is the innervation and parasympathetic pathway of the parotid gland and its function?

Answer 21

• preganglionic cell bodies are in the brainstem
• preganglionic axons exit as part of CN IX and synapses in the otic ganglion
• post ganglionic axons reach the parotid via auriculotemporal nerve
• function is secretomotor

Question 22

what is the sympathetic pathway to the face?

Answer 22

• preganglionic cells are in the lateral horn of the upper thoracic spinal cord
• preganglionic axons ascend sympathetic chain and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion
• postganglionic axons distribute to the face along the external carotid artery

Question 23

what is Horner’s syndrome and what are the symptoms?

Answer 23

loss of sympathetic innervation to head
symptoms: loss of sweat, pupillary constriction, drooping of upper eyelid

Question 24

what are the two partial horner’s syndromes?

Answer 24

upper horner’s and lower horner’s

Question 25

what is upper Horner's syndrome and what are the symptoms?

Answer 25

loss of sympathetics along the internal carotid artery symptoms: miosis ptosis (loss of superior tarsal muscle) and anhydrosis of skin of the medial forehead

Question 26

what is lower Horner's syndrome and what are the symptoms?

Answer 26

loss of sympathetics along the external carotid artery symptoms: anhydrosis of the skin of the face inferior to the orbit and skin lateral of forehead and temporal fossa