supplementation

Question 1

supplement

Answer 1

a food, food componenent, nutrient or non food compound that is purposefully ingested in adition to the habitually consumed diet with the aim of achiecing a specific health and or performance benefit

Question 2

supplement industry

Answer 2

global sports supplement market- 2018= $20.6 billion
compound annual growth rate- 11.2% from 2018-2025

Question 3

food vs pharma supplements

Answer 3

food supplements need to be regulated a lot more than pharmaceutical supplements
questions around legaility of certain pharma supplements
pharma compaies make drugs that are portentially banned in the sports filed but are fine for consumers
so if they make supplements for sports too there may be cross contamination

Question 4

why supplement

Answer 4

aid in recovery from training
convenience
improve health/performance
prevent/treat an illness
compensate for poor diet

survey from international champs

Question 5

scientist viewpoint

Answer 5

what is biochemical and physiological function
does it reach target tissue
is there meaningful increase at target tissue
is there consistent effect on physiological function
is there consistent effect on performance

Question 6

pharmacokinetics

Answer 6

how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure
ADME= absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

graph in notes

Question 7

pharmacodynamics

Answer 7

what the drug/supplemtn does to the body
inhibitors- inhibit enzyme reaction
ion channels- transport more or less of the ion
agonist receptor- help the process
antagonist receptor- block the receptor

Question 8

supplement that work

Answer 8

a few performance enhancing supplements might at the present time to be considered to have an adequate level of support to suggest that marginal perfromance gains may be possible
- caffiene
- creatine
- nitrate
- sodium bicarbonate
- possible beta alanine

Question 9

L carnitine

Answer 9

amino acid derivative
altering substrate oxidation
- transports the chains of fatty acids (acyl coA) into mitochondrial matrix, allowing cells to break down fat and get energy from stored fat reserve
- up to 0.4mg/kg/d endogenous synthesis from trimethyllsine - TML is non protein amino acid that takes part in synthesis of carnitine

Question 10

translocation of fatty acids in body

Answer 10

mitochondria is impermeable to fatty aceyl coA but not to fatty acylcarnitine
translocation of LCFA into skeletal muscle for beta oxidation
carnitine will act as abuffer of excess acetyl coA production

Question 11

steps of translocation of FA

Answer 11

1. carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT1) catalyses esterification of carnitine with long chain acyl coA to form long chain acylcarnitine
2. acylcarnitine transported to mitochondrial matrix in exchange of intramitochondrial free carnitine via carnitine acylcarnitine translocatise (CACT)
3. acylcarnitine transesterified back to free carnitine and long chain acyl coA in reaction catalysed by crnitine polmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2)
4. long chain acyl coA oxidised and cleaved by B oxidation path

Question 12

glycogen translocation

Answer 12

lesser mechanism
at onset of exercise when rate of acetyl coA generation is greater than rate of utilisation by TCA cycle
high intensity exercise- type 1 fibres
carnitine buffers acetyl groups formed, catalysed by carnitine acyltransferase (CAT)
ensures a viable pool of CoA is maintained for continuation for the PDC and TCA cycle reactions
PDC converts pyruvate to acetyl coA
accumalation of acetylcarnitine provides a store of acetyl groups ready for transacetylation back to acetyl coA

Question 13

injecting L carnitine

Answer 13

transported into skeletal muscle against a consideralble conc gradeint (100 fold) via saturable na+ dependent high affinity active transport process
protein responsible- cation transporter OCTN2
study
- l carnitine and insulin- when injected together LC can increase total muscle conc of insulin
legality- cant infuse more than 100ml in a 12 week period (WADA)

Question 14

ketones

Answer 14

chemicals produced by liver when it breaks down fat
potentially spare muscle glycogen- especially in fasted state
β-hydroxybutyrate- carrier of energy from liver to tissue when glucose levels are low

Question 15

beta hydroxybutyrate monoester

Answer 15

ketone ester
1 part R-BHB bound to racemic 1,3 butanediol
most used in human studies

Question 16

acetoacetate AcAc KE

Answer 16

2 parts AcAc bound to racemic 1,3 butanediol

Question 17

ketone bodies

Answer 17

work by increasing acetyl coA in the krebs cycle- but this inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme
dont know if this is CHO sparing or impairing

Question 18

BHB

Answer 18

beta hydroxybutyrate
synthesised in livre from fatty acids
essential carrier of energy from liver to peripheral tissues when supplies of glucose are low

Question 19

ketone esters and EPO prod

Answer 19

EPO= increases red blood cell count
studies have seen an increased in serum BHB conc
decrease in serum glucose conc
increase in serum EPO conc
mechanism unknown but may include histone acetylation

Question 20

l carnitine sources

Answer 20

beef steak, ground beef, milk + chicken breast
present in animal sources eps red meat
bioavailibilty of 63-75%
non vegetarians ~1mg/kg BW
vegetarians ~0.1mg/kg BW

Question 21

exogenous ketones

Answer 21

• ketone esters- keton +1 butanediol, BHB KE most promosing in terms of research- shows large increase in blood BHB
• ketone salts- mineral ion, racemic mixes of D and L-BHB, dissociate in blood to give BHB, lower concentrations of BHB
• ketogenic agents- medium chain triglycerides, 1,3 butanediol, processed by liver to prodice BHB