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supplements Flashcards

1
Q

vitamin C benefits

A
  1. collagen synthesis 2. wound healing 3. capillary integrity
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2
Q

vitamin C is bad because…

A

impair hepatic metabolism of acetaminophen–>system toxicity, risk of blood thinning (increase hemorrhage risk)

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3
Q

name ophthalmic vitamin ANTIOXIDANTS

A

ACE: vitamine C,E,A

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4
Q

d-alpha-tocopherol

A

most bioactive form of vitamin E! fat soluble

Vitamin E 2 forms 1) fat soluble-d-alpha-tocopherol & 2) water soluble–>acetate & succinate (easier to digest, but pee it out easily)

**bioavalability oil>acetate>succinate

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5
Q

what does ophthalmoplegia result from?

A

LACK of vitamin E

if patient LACKS APOLIPOPROTEIN B (defect in gene)–>vitamin E uptake diminished–>ophthalmoplegia result: EOM palsy that lacks the apolipoprotein B in intestine required for intestinal absorption of lipids

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6
Q

platelet inhibition result of high doses of what vitamin?

A

vitamin E

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7
Q

which vitamin is there a RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER & what should you add?

A

vitamin E & add SELENIUM

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8
Q

what patients should avoid vitamin A?

A

patients w/ PAPILLEDEMA (TOXICITY associated w. swollen optic nerve) & FORMER SMOKERS and ALCOHOLICS (risk of CANCER)

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9
Q

what supplement is deficient in a patient w/ XEROPHTHALMIA?

A

deficient in VITAMIN A (impair goblet cell functioning) –>MAJOR WORLDWIDE CAUSE OF BLINDNESS

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10
Q

retinitis pigments requires high doses of which vitamin?

A

vitamin A

ppl w/ RP are deficient in vit A->night blindness! (can’t convert retinol–>retinal)

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11
Q

what is the MOST POTENT vitamin?

A

vitamin A–>doses in MICROGRAMS (vs. mg/milligrams)

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12
Q

what transports xanthophyll to the retina?

A

vitamin A has a role

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13
Q

name the different ophthalmic MINERALS

A

zinc, copper

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14
Q

whats zinc’s role?

A

SUPPORT antioxidant enzymes, help convert retinol –>retinal, NEUROPROTECTIVE in rats w/ glaucoma (heat shock protection), CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY (super oxide dismutase & catalase. impt in antioxident enzymes)

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15
Q

what mineral is decreased in macular degeneration?

A

zinc

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16
Q

whats occurs in zinc deficiency?

A

*mimics vit A deficiency, Zn dependent conversion of retinol–>retinal

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17
Q

what is retinol compared to retinal?

A

retinol: alcohol based storage of vitamin A in body
retinAL: aldehyde based photopigment needed by rods & cones

18
Q

does amount of zinc vs. copper?

A

zinc: 11mg/dose male & 8 mg/dose female
copper: ONLY 2 mg/d (*quarter or less the does given for zinc)

19
Q

copper’s role?

A
  1. critical enzyme function 2. MAO formation (impt for ANS)
20
Q

what is wrong with ingesting an EXCESSIVE amount of ZINC? what necessary steps should be taken?

A

DECREASES copper, therefore Cu supplementation required with concomitant Zn administration to prevent Cu-deficiency anemia

21
Q

name antioxident pigments & what they break down into?

A

FOOD! –>carotenoids –>carotenes–>
lycopene –>1. alpha & beta carotenes
–>2.xanthophylls *vit A transports to retina
–>a. lutein (mesozeaxanthin)
–>b. zeaxanthin

22
Q

which antioxidant pigments protect the retina? what color does it give the retina? how does it protect the retina? which is needed in a HIGHER concentration? structurally how do these 2 compare?

A

lutein & zeaxanthin, orange/yellow color, filters BLUE LIGHT (absorbs high energy blue light), LUTEIN needed in higher conc. (probably cuz its in peripheral retina), they’re ISOMERS,

23
Q

what foods contain lutein vs. zeaxanthin?

A

lutein: dark green, zeaxanthin: orange-yellow

24
Q

what is mesozeaxanthin?

A

a non-dietary ocular pigment produced from lutein in the macula following isomerization

25
Q

where do u find lutein, mesozeaxanthin, & zeaxanthin? what is the ratio of L/Z in the periphery and diet? how do u know these pigments are reduced?

A

lutein: more peripheral
zeaxanthin: macula lutea (in pic..mesozeaxanthin is in the mucula, but it is a isomer of lutein)
periphery: L:Z=2:1
diet: L:Z=5:1
macular pigment ocular density will be reduced! patient will report seeing blue light!

26
Q

what if patient has a high macular pigment optical density..what light will they see? what is the benefit of such a device?

A

LESS BLUE LIGHT-cuz the pigment is absorbing all the blue light
determine if the patient needs to take supplements or not

27
Q

what are the effects of omega 3 fatty acids?

A

1) anti-inflammatory 2) anti-oxident 3) blood thinner (bleeding risk) 4) cholesterol lowering (mixed reviews) 5) helps dry eyes

28
Q

what are sources of omega fatty acids? short & long chain..which one is more bioactive?

A

short chain: ALA 18C –>plant derived
long chain: EPA20C & DHA 22C–> eggs & cold water oily fish
**EPA & DHA more bioactive!

29
Q

what is a concern of a patient w/ fish allergies?

A

allergies to HEAVY METAL in LONG CHAIN fatty acids (DHA & EPA)

30
Q

*Test: bioavailability by formulation? most –>least

A

MOST! triglyceride (glyceryl) esters> FISH body oil> FREE fatty acids>ethyl esters

31
Q

what’s the ratio of omega 6:omega 3 in grass vs. grain fed animal? what is the “ideal ratio” of omega 6 to 3? is omega 6 or 3 over consumed?

A

grass-fed O6:O3=2:1 vs. GRAIN fed O6:O3=4:1 (more pro inflammatory effects)

ideal: O6:O3
1:1 or 1:4
should get more omega 3!

**omega 6 is overconsumed! found in meat

32
Q

**test: why should you use supplements in eye care?

A

1) macular degeneration 2) glaucoma 3) cataracts 4) RP 5) dry eyes 6)diabetic retinopathy

33
Q

what are risk factors for macular degeneration?

CO-MORBIDITIES???

A
  1. smoking
  2. UV light
  3. poor diet (high BMI & carb intake)
  4. light eyes
  5. aging
  6. family history
  7. ethnicity (greater risk caucasian)
    CO-MORBIDITIES: HTN (hypertension) & obesity
34
Q

what supplements were added in AREDS 1? what was the result? (%)

A

Vitamins: beta carotene(vitamin A),C,E
Minerals: zinc, copper

result: reduced rate of advances AMD in people at high risk by 25% over 6 yrs

35
Q

AREDS 2 what changed from AREDS 1?

Results of AREDS 2?

A

larger pop
89% taking CENTRUM SILVER
added CATARACTS
*REDUCED ZINC –>NO effect
added LUTHEIN & ZEAXANTHIN –>reduced risk by 10% (substitute beta-carotene w/ xanthophylls –>ADDITIONALLY reduced risk by 18%)
added OMEGA 3: DHA & EPA –>NO effect

results: did NOT reduce risk of developing advanced AMD

36
Q

*TEST: macular degeneration supplement summary BEST DEFINED by ARED

A

*no A cuz its in the form of..lutein & zeaxanthin

  1. C –>500mg
  2. E–>400IU
  3. zinc–>80mg
  4. lutein –>10mg
  5. zeaxanthin–>2mg
  6. copper–>2mg
37
Q

open angle glaucoma & which supplement has a NEUROPROTECTIVE role?

A

antioxidant therapy MAY reduce neuronal flu toxicity, no hard evidence

  1. Ginkgo biloba *neuroprotective role (improves cerebral blood flow)
  2. Marijuana
  3. Bilberry
38
Q

CATARACTS-what % of american suffer? according AREDS 2 what supplements reduced cataract development by 30%?

A

50% of americans who suffer from low vision due to cataracts

```
vitamin C
vitamin E
lutein & zeaxanthin
NO vit A
centrum silver: “some” benefits
~~~

39
Q

RETINITIS PIGMENTS & what does taking this vitamin in a LARGE doses cause? what cases would u take large doses of this vitamin?

A

degenerative, HEREDITARY eye disease, onset varies b/w ppl, night blindness
*vitamin A: 15,000 IU early-mid stage RP

intracranial hypertension
large doses treatment of:
-acne i.e. acutane
-psoriasis
-induce leukemia remission
40
Q

what would u take for DRY EYE? what vitamin are u usually deficient in? what can this vitamin deficiency cause beside dry eye?

A
  1. omega 3 –>anti inflammatory benefits & replenishes tear film
  2. vitamin A–> deficiency–>xerosis (conj/cornea) & alopecia (eye lashes)
41
Q

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY **TEST

what should u take?

A
  1. BILBERRY fruit
  2. vitamin D –>deficiency more common in ppl w/ non-insulin dependent diabetes (type 1), lowest in ppl w/ diabetic retinopathy
  3. Lutein & Zeaxanthin –>reduce amount of damage seen

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