Support and movement Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Why are hollow tubes useful?
A
They are structurally stronger than a solid tube of the same mass.
2
Q
Cellular support in plants?
A
Turgor pressure.
3
Q
Wilting
A
Plasmolysed
4
Q
Two plant systems?
A
Shoot and root.
5
Q
Basic stem morphology?
A
Epidermis, cortex, pith, vascular bundles (xylem and phloem).
6
Q
What are the pith - parenchyma?
A
Thin cell walls, increasing volume of vacuole increases the size, located in centre of stem.
7
Q
What is the cortex - collenchyma?
A
Have a primary cell walls with some thickening, flexible to allow bending, located near edge of stem.
8
Q
What is the relationship between pith and cortex?
A
Parenchyma presses on the collenchyma.
9
Q
Xylem
A
Hollow tubes
10
Q
What is apoptosis?
A
Cell wall for water transport.
11
Q
What are vascular bundles?
A
Surrounded by sclerenchyma, thick secondary cell walls, rigid and elastic (return to normal shape) strengthened with lignin.
12
Q
Significance of monocotyledonous vs dicotyledonous?
A
Shorter vs taller, arrangement of vascular bundles affects size.
13
Q
What are lateral roots?
A
Primary absorption of water and dissolved minerals.
14
Q
What is the primary root/ tap root?
A
Primary anchorage and stability.
15
Q
Example of hydrostatic skeleton?
A
Earthworm.
16
Q
Example of exoskeleton?
A
Mollusks and arthropods.
17
Q
Endoskeleton?
A
Vertebrates.
18
Q
Hydrostatic skeleton characteristics?
A
Capsule of fluid, 2 layers of muscle, circular, longitudinal, septae/bristles.
19
Q
Significance of fluid filled cavity (hydrostatic skeleton)?
A
Acts as rigid column which muscles act on.
20
Q
How do hydrostatic skeletons elongate and narrow the body?
A
Circular muscles contract.
21
Q
How do hydrostatic skeletons shorten and thicken the body?
A
Longitudinal muscles contract.
22
Q
How do hydrostatic skeletons drive forward (burrow)?
A
Segmental contraction of muscles and anchorage by bristles.
23
Q
Characteristics of exoskeletons?
A
Hard outer surface.
24
Q
Significance of a hard outer surface?
A
Protects soft tissues.
25
Significance of arthropods exoskeletons?
Provides strength and mobility, site for muscle attachment to create movement.
26
‘Arthro’
joint
27
‘Podia’
foot
28
What compound is chitin?
Polysaccharide.
29
Characteristics of chitin?
Strong and light, mineralisation (hard and protective), thin and flexible at joints.
30
Limitations of exoskeleton?
Crushed, do not grow in line body (melting/ ecdysis), vulnerable until hardens.
31
What does an endoskeleton provide?
Rigid system for muscle contraction and protection of vital organs.
32
Two types of endoskeletons?
Cartilaginous and bony.
33
Con of exoskeletons?
Size limiting.
34
Characteristics of cartilaginous fishes?
Cartilage (thin), light, efficient, flexible.
35
Advantages of bony endoskeleton?
Support weight of large animals on land, rigid support against gravity, develop from cartilaginous skeleton, levers can be moved by muscles, dynamic (respond to physiological loading).
36
Why are bones not solid?
Central medullary cavity.
37
Pros of central medullary cavity of bones?
Reduces weight, strength (resist compression and tension).
38
What is bone matrix?
Living cells in mineralised extracellular matrix.
39
Name of arrangement of bone matrix into columns around arteries?
Osteon.
40
Functions of skeletal system?
Provides support, determines shape of body, function as levers by acting with muscle to facilitate joint movement, protection of vital organs.
41
Skeletal systems contain red bone marrow, why?
Blood cell formation.
42
What is the skeletal system a mineral store for?
Calcium and phosphates.
43
What are minerals important for?
Metabolic processes, hormonal demand.
44
Different classifications of bones?
Short, long, flat, irregular, sesamoid.
45
Function of short bones?
Support and stability, limited movement.
46
Function of long bones?
Limbs, levers, transmit longitudinal forces.
47
Function of flat bone?
Protective, muscle attachments.
48
Characteristics of sesamoid bone?
Patella, within tendons.
49
Example of irregular bone?
Vertebra.
50
Anatomy of long bone?
Epiphysis (ball at top), diaphysis (shaft), metaphysis (upside down at bottom).
51
Internal anatomy of long bone?
Periosteum (outside layer), endosteum (inner layer), medullary cavity (inner section).
52
Types of connective tissue?
Vascular and fibrous and cellular.
53
What is adipose tissue?
Yellow marrow.
54
Characteristics of internal structure?
Spongy and compact bone, trabeculae, strong but mimises weight, thickness varies.
55
What does Wolff’s Law referred to?
The trabeculae’s alignment along lines of principle stress.
56
What is the function of living cells in the bone?
Maintains extracellular matrix.
57
How many types of bone cells?
Three types.
58
Characteristics of osteoblasts?
Immature bone cells, on bone surfaces (periosteum, endosteum), secrete organic bone matrix (osteoid — bone).
59
Characteristics of osteoclasts?
Secrete acids and enzymes that remove bone, multinucleate cells derived from monocytes, in endosteum.
60
Characteristics of osteocytes?
Mature bone cells, stellate, sense loading (communicate).
61
What is osteoporosis?
Degradation of bone (become osteoporotic).
62
What happens to bones in osteopetrosis?
Rocky bone (petrous = rocky).
63
Inorganic component?
67%, hydroxyapatite, rigid.
64
Organic component?
33%, 90% collagen 10% other proteins, flexible.
65
How many human bones?
206 bones.
66
Two different skeletons?
Axial, appendicular.
67
What areas of the body are axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum - for midline.
68
Function of axial skeleton?
Protection and muscle attachment.
69
Characteristics of skull?
Contains and protects brain, organs of special sense, upper respiratory and alimentary tracts, sutures.
70
How many bones in the skull?
Approx 22 bones.
71
Sections/ curvatures of vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral and coccyx.
72
Function of vertebral column?
Provides flexible support for the head and appendicular skeleton, contains and protects the spinal cord.
73
How many curvatures in the vertebral column?
4
74
Where is the thoracic skeleton attached?
To the thoracic vertebrae.
75
How many pairs of ribs?
12 pairs.
76
How many true and false ribs are there?
7 true, 5 false (2 floating).
77
Function of appendicular skeleton?
Movement/ locomotion.
78
Why is there a similar pattern in appendicular skeletons?
Evolutionary development.
79
Function of upper limbs?
Dexterity.
80
Function of lower limbs?
Support and movement.
81
Characteristics of fibrous joints?
No/limited movement, dense fibrous connective tissue.
82
Structure of primary cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage.
83
Structure of secondary cartilaginous joints?
Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage.
84
Characteristics of synovial joints?
Contains synovial fluid, enclosed in elastic joint capsule, ends of bones covered with articular cartilage, freely movable.
85
What secretes synovial fluid?
Synovial membrane.
86
Shape of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, hinge, pivot, saddle, plane, condyloid/ ellipsoid.
87
What are skeletal muscles like?
Striated, voluntary.
88
What are the three principal functions of skeletal muscles?
Movement of body, posture, heat production.
89
How do skeletal muscles provide posture?
Postural muscles oppose action of gravity.
90
How do skeletal muscles produce heat?
Highly metabolically active; generate lots of heat shivering.
91
What is skeletal muscle morphology?
Two muscle bellies connected by a tendon.
92
Where do muscles usually run?
Run from one bone to another across a joint.
93
What happens to muscles during contraction?
Muscle will move one bone relative to another.
94
What is the origin?
Stationary (more fixed) end (proximal).
95
What is the insertion?
More moveable end (distal).
96
What does the lever system describe?
Muscle attachment relative to the joint.
97
What lever system is most common in the body?
3rd class.
98
Example of bone to skin?
Muscles of facial expression (movement of skin for emotion).
99
What are the two principle components of muscles?
Contractile cells and connective tissues.
100
What part of the muscle is the contractile cells?
Fleshy muscle belly.
101
What are the muscle fibres made of?
Long multinucleate cells.
102
What are functional units made up of?
Contains myofibrils made up of actin and myosin filaments.
103
What are the different shapes and sizes of muscle cells?
Circular, parallel, pennate, convergent.
104
Characteristics of fibrous connective tissue?
Surround bundles of contractile cells, at one or both ends fibrous structures connect muscle to bone (tendons).
105
What is the gliding of fascicles for?
Passage of BV and nerves.
106
Where in the body are rounded tendons?
Ankles.
107
What tendons are broad and flat?
Aponeuroses.
108
What is the function of tendons?
Transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement.
109
Characteristics of tendons?
High tensile strength, mostly type 1 collagen.
110
What are the two specialised regions for attachment to the musculoskeletal system?
Myotendinous junction, osteotendinous junction or enthesis.
111
What are the two types of contractions?
Isotonic and isometric.
112
What are the isotonic contractions?
Constant tension, change in length of muscle.
113
What are the two types of isotonic contraction?
Concentric and eccentric.
114
What happens during concentric contractions?
Muscle gets shorter when it contracts.
115
What happens during eccentric contraction?
Muscle lengthens - “paying out” controls movement.
116
What are isometric contractions?
Constant length, muscle contracts but stays same length.
117
What muscle generates the basic movement?
Agonist/ prime mover.
118
What muscle opposes the movement of agonist?
Antagonist.
119
What muscles helps the prime mover?
Synergist.
120
What muscle stabilises bones to allow movement to take place?
Fixator.
