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Structure And Function > Support And Movement > Flashcards

Support And Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is structurally important about hollow tubes?

A

Hollow tubes are structurally stronger than a solid tube of the same mass

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2
Q

What is the main feature of cellular support in plants?

A

Turgor pressure

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3
Q

What is wilting of leaves caused by?

A

caused by plasmolysed membranes

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4
Q

What makes up the stem in plants?

A

Epidermis (outerlayer)
Cortex (space in the middle)
Pith (granules in the middle)
Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)

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5
Q

What is the pith? What does it have?

A

Parenchyma, has thin cell walls, increasing volume of the vacuole, increases the size

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6
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Collenchyma
have primary wall with some thickening (eg corners)
Flexible so allows bending

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7
Q

What is the pith/cortex relationship?

A
  • pith and cortex work together
  • Parenchyma press on collenchyma - ‘pneumatic tire’
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8
Q

What is xylem?

A

Xylem = hollow tubes (with lignin inside)
Apoptosis - cell walls for water transport
* surrounded by sclerenchyma - thick secondary cell wall
* Rigidity (and elasticity - return to original shape after deformation)

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9
Q

What are the physical features of monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

A

Mono -grass like, sporadic roots
Dicot - plant like, stem and leaves, layers of roots

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of root and what are their purpose?

A

lateral roots - primarily absorption of water and dissolved minerals
Primary root (tap root) - primarily anchorage and stability

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal systems in animals?

A

Hydrostatic skeleton - worms
Exoskeleton - crabs
Endoskeleton - dogs

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12
Q

What are hydrostatic skeletons?

A
  • capsule of fluid surrounded by 2 layers of muscle
    - longitudinal and circular
  • fluid rilled cavity acts as a rigid column on which muscles act
  • Circular muscles contract - elongating and narrowing the body
  • Longitudinal muscles contract - shorten and thicken they body
  • Segmental contraction of muscles and anchorage by bristles drives the body forwards - burrowing
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13
Q

What are exoskeletons?

A

Found in mollusks (clams,mussels) and arthropods (insects,crabs)
* hard outer surface - protection of soft tissues - armor
Arthro = joint, podia = foot (arthropods - exoskeleton provides strength and mobility)
* site for muscle attachment to create movement

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14
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin - polysaccharide
* strong and light, thin and flexible at joints
* Mineralisation = hard and protective

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15
Q

What are the limitations of exoskeletons?

A
  • crushed
  • Do not grow in line body = molting (ecdysis)
  • Potential vulnerability until it hardens
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16
Q

What is an endoskeleton and what are the 2 types?

A

Endoskeleton - vertebrates
Endoskeleton provides a rigid system for muscle contraction and protection of vital organs
2 types of -
* cartilaginous
* Bony

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17
Q

What are cartilaginous skeleton?

A

Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes)
* cartilage (may be calcified) - must be thin
* Light
* Efficient and flexible

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18
Q

What are teh features of a bony endoskeleton?

A

Endoskeleton - bony
Supports weight of large animals on land
* rigid support against gravity
* Develop from a cartilaginous skeleton
* Levers which can be moved by muscles
* Dynamic, respond to physiological loading

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19
Q

What is the gross structure of bone and why is it structured like this?

A

Bone - gross structure
Bones are not solid - central (medullary) cavity
* reduces weight
* Strength (resist compression and tension)
Filled with? - bone marrow (red for producing red blood cells and yellow for storing fat)

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20
Q

What is the structure of bone marrow? What are osteons?

A

Bone marrow- microscopic structure
* living cells in a mineralised extracellular matrix
* Arranged into columns around an artery = osteon

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21
Q

How many bones are there in adult human skeleton?

A

206

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22
Q

What 2 classes is the skeleton split into?

A

Seperate into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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23
Q

What is the axial skeleton made up of?

A

skull, hyoe bone, vertebral column, sternum and ribcage

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24
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?

A
  • bones that make up the upper and lower limbs
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25
What are the 5 bone types and key feature of each?
* long bones (eg femur, tubular shaft, found in limbs) * Short bones (eg capitate bone, cuboidal, found in ankle or wrist) * flat bones (flat bones are broad and sheet like, eg skull - pareital bones) * Irregular bones (does not fit into any other group, eg T6 thoracic vertebrae) * Sesamoid bones (special group, found within tendons eg patella)
26
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
* provides support (from gravity) * Determines the shape of the body * Function as levers by acting with muscle to facilitate joint movement * Protection of vital organs * contains red bone marrow - blood cell formation * Mineral store for calcium and phosphates (used in metabolic processes, hormonal demand)
27
What are the 5 bone classes and give an example of each?
Long bone - limbs: levers, transmit longitudinal forces Long bones and short bones - support and stability: limited movement Flat bone - protective: muscle attachments (eg ribs) Irregular bones - vertebrae Sesamoid bone - patella (with tendons)
28
What is the anatomy of a long bone? (6 features)
Top end - epiphysis Middle shaft - diaphysis Bottom end - metaphysis Shaft made of outer periosteum and inner endosteum, medullary cavity in the middle
29
What are trabeculae and wolffs law?
trabeucalae - aligned along lines of principle stress Wolffs law bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading
30
What are the 3 bone cells?
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts osteocytes
31
What are osteoblasts?
* immature bone cells * On bone surfaces (periosteum and endosteum) * Secrete organic bone matrix = osteoid - bone
32
What are osteoclasts?
* secretes acids and enzymes that remove bone * Multinucleate cells derived from monocytes * In the endosteum
33
What are osteocytes? What is osteoporosis?
* mature bone cells * Stellate * Sense loading - communicate *osteoporosis - degradation of osteocytes
34
What is the bone matrix made up of?
Inorganic component: 67% Ca10PO4(OH)2 (hydroxyapapatite) = rigidity Organic component: 33% (90% collagen, 10% other proteins) = flexibility
35
What is the axial skeleton made up of and its 2 main functions?
Axial skeleton - midline: protection and muscle attachment * skull * vertebral column * Ribs * Sternum
36
What does the skull protect? How many bones?
* contains and protects the brain, organs of special sense and upper respiratory and alimentary tracts * Approx 22 bones * Sutures - also known as stitches
37
What does the vertebral column do? How many curvatures?
* provides flexible support for the head and appendicular skeleton * Contains and protects the spinal cord * 4 curvatures
38
What is the thoracic skeleton?
* attached to thoracic vertebrae * Ribs: 12 pairs (7 true, 5 false (2 floating))
39
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton and what are the 2 groups?
Movement/locomotion * similar pattern; evolutionary development * Upper limb (dexterity) * Lower limb (support and movement)
40
What are the 3 types of joint?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
41
What are fibrous joints?
no/limited movement, dense fibrous connective tissue
42
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary - hyaline cartilage Secondary - hyaline-fibrocartilage-hyaline
43
What is a synovial joint?
* synovial/joint cavity contains synovial fluid * End of bones are covered with articular cartilage * Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule * Synovial fluid secreted by synovial membranes * Freely moveable
44
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
ball and socket Pivot Saddle Hinge Condyloid or ellipsoid Plane
45
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
* skeletal muscle - striated, voluntary * Cardiac muscle - straited, involuntary * Smooth muscle - non-striated, involuntary
46
What is skeletal muscle and the 3 principle functions?
Skeletal muscle - banding pattern, micro filaments 3 principle functions - * movement of body and/or its parts (walking, running, chewing, swallowing etc) * posture (postural muscle oppose the action of gravity - eg neck supporting the weight of the head) * Heat production (highly metabolically active, generate lots of heat; shivering)
47
Basic gross structure of a muscle?
* 2 muscle bellies connected by a tendon * For example digastric muscle in jaw
48
Where do muscles usually run to and from?
Muscles usually run from one bone to another across a joint * during contraction the muscle will move one bone relative to another
49
What is meant by origin and insertion of muscle?
* stationary (or more fixed) end = origin * More moveable end = insertion *In limbs the origin is usually proximal while insertion is usually distal
50
What are lever systems?
Lever systems in the body, formed by bones, joints and muscles, allow for movement by converting a small force into a much larger movement or force, with 3 types based on the relative positions of the fulcrum (joint), effort (muscle) and load (weight/body part)
51
What is the fulcrum?
Fulcrum - the fixed point or pivot, which in the body is the joint
52
What is the effort?
Effort - the force applied, which in the body in muscle contraction
53
What is the load?
Load - the resistance or weight being moved, which in the body is the weight of the body part and anything that it is carrying.
54
What is a first class lever? Example?
First class lever - The fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the load (FLE) * example; head extension, where the neck joint (Atlanto-occipital joint) is the fulcrum, the neck extensor muscle are the effort and the front of the skull is the load
55
What is a second class lever and an example?
Second class lever - the load is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort (FRL) * example; plantar flexion (raising on the toes), where the ball of the foot is the fulcrum, the weight of the body is the load, and the gastrochemius muscle is the effort
56
What is a third class lever and an example?
Third class lever - the effort is positioned between the fulcrum and the load (FRE) * example; bicep curl, where the elbow joint is the fulcrum, the bicep muscle in the effort and the lower arm and weight are the load
57
What muscle runs bone to skin?
* bone to skin - muscles of facial expression * Movement of skin creates facial expression and emotion
58
What are the 2 principle components of muscle?
* 2 principle components - contractile cells (fleshy muscle belly) and connective tissues
59
What is the functional unit of muscle?
* long multinucleate cells = muscle fibre * Contains myofibrils made up of actin and myosin filaments
60
What are the 6 muscle shapes?
Pennate Fusiform Parallel Convergent Circular Diagastric
61
What are pennate muscles?
Pennate muscles - feather like in the arrangement of their fascicles (fibre bundles) * unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
62
What are fusiform muscles?
Fusiform muscles - spindle shaped * round, thick belly and tapered ends
63
What are parallel muscles?
Parallel muscles - the fascicles lie parallel to the long axis of the muscle - flat muscles with parallel fibres often have aponeuroses
64
What are convergent muscles?
Convergent muscles - have a broad attachment from which the fascicles converge to a single tendon
65
What are circular muscles?
Circular muscles - surround a body opening or orifice, constricting it when contracted
66
What are digastric muscles?
Digastric muscles - 2 bellies in series, sharing a common intermediate tendon
67
What are connective tissues?
Connective tissues (fibrous connective tissue) * surround bundles of contractile cells * At one or both ends fibrous structures connects the muscle to bone - tendons - allows gliding of fascicles, passage of BV and nerves
68
What is aponeurosis and what does it do?
Aponeurosis - a thin sheath of connective tissue that helps your muscle muscles to your bones * support your muscles and give body strength and stability * Absorbs energy energy when muscles move
69
What are tendons? What are their functions?
Tendon function - transfer the force of muscle pull to bone to facilitate joint movement * high tensile strength, made of mostly type I collagen * 2 specialised regions for attachment to the muscolosketal system - myotendinous junction, osteotendinous junction or enthesis
70
What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic and isometric
71
What is isotonic contraction and what are the 2 types?
* isotonic: ‘constant tension’ - change in the length of the muscle * 2 types - concentric, eccentric
72
What are concentric and eccentric contraction?
Concentric - muscles get shorter when it contracts Eccentric - muscle lengthens - ‘paying out’ controls movement *eg abduction and abduction of the shoulder *deltoid - working against gravity
73
What is isometric contraction?
Isometric - ‘constant length’ * muscle contracts but stays the same length (more or less) *eg holding a plank, muscle tension but muscles stay the same length
74
How else can muscles be classified?
Each muscle may be classified according according to its role in the movement
75
What is an agonist/prime mover?
Generates the basic movement = agonist/prime mover
76
What is an antagonist?
Oppose the movement of the agonist = antagonist
77
What is a synergist?
Helps the prime mover = synergist
78
What is a fixator?
Stabilises bones to allow moment to take place = fixator

Structure And Function (8 decks)

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