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Surgery Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What defines oligouria?

A

< .5 mL/kg/hour

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2
Q

How often does uterine perforation occur during hysterosocpy procedure?

What increases this risk?

A

1.5%

Cervical stenosis, uterine scar tissue

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3
Q

What is the most valuable in detecting gas embolus intraoperatively?

A

End Tidal CO2

Other signs:

  • Tachycardia
  • Arrhythmia
  • Hypotesnion
  • Increased CVP
  • Mill Wheel Murmur
  • Cyanosis

**Capnography or capnometry are more valuable than oximetry in detection of gas embolus because the end tidal CO2 decreases because of a decrease in cardiac output and increase in dead space

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4
Q

What should you do if you suspect a gas embolis intraoperatively?

A

Release of pneuoperitoneum

Place in steep trendelenberg

Position on the left side

100% fiO2

Hyperventilate to help elimination of CO2

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5
Q

Which generation of cephalosporin is the first line of choice for preoperative gynecologic surgical procedures?

A

Ancef (Cefazolin) is a first generation cephalosporin

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6
Q

Branches of anterior division of internal iliac artery?

A 
Uterine
Umbilical
Superior vesical
Obturator
Internal pudendal
Inferior Gluteal
Middle Rectal
Vaginal
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7
Q

Branches of posterior division of internal iliac artery?

A

Superior gluteal
Lateral Sacral
Iliolumbar

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8
Q

In order to expand the uterine cavity with distension media during hysteroscopy, what pressure in mmHg must be reached?

A

To expand the cavity intrauterine pressures of these media must reach 45-80 mmHg

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9
Q

Hysteroscopic distension medium that is electrolyte rich and can use BIPOLAR cautery?

A

LR/NS

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10
Q

What is the maximum fluid deficit allowed for LR/NS?

A

2,500 mL

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11
Q

During hysteroscopy, what mediums allow you to use monopolar cautery?

A

Glycine
Sorbitol
Mannitol

*Electrolyte POOR

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12
Q

What is the maximum fluid deficit allowed for Glycine/Sorbitol/Mannitol?

A

1,000 mL

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13
Q

Risk of using low viscosity, electrolyte poor solutions for hysteroscopy? (Glycine, Sorbitol, Mannitol)

A

Can cause hyponatremia
Decreased serum osmalality
Potential for cerebral edema and death

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14
Q

Venous drainage of ovaries?

A

Right ovarian vein drains into inferior vena cava

Left ovarian vein drains into left renal vein

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15
Q

Describe the route of the ureter

A

Total length ~ 30 cm (15 in abdomen, 15 in pelvis)

Commences at renal pelvis

Descends over psoas muscle (lateral to medial)

Enters pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac vessels

Descends along side wall posterior to ovarian fossa

Crosses under the cardinal ligament/under uterine artery

Goes anteromedial and inserts in the bladder

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16
Q

Risk factors for intraoperative cystotomy?

A
  • Previous pelvic surgery (C/S)
  • Inflammatory Disease/adhesions (endometriosis)
  • Mass Distortion of local anatomy (fibroids in lower uterine segment)
  • Operator experience
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17
Q

Pros/Cons of cystoscopy at time of hysterectomy?

A

Pros:
- Quick safe/proceudre
- Improve skills + interpretation of results
- Could identify injury intra operatively

Cons:
- Increased risk of infection
- Increased time of procedure

*has not been shown to improve detection of intraoperative ureteral injury

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18
Q

How long does it take for the bladder to re-epitheliaze?

A

3-4 days

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19
Q

When is a voiding cystourethrogram indicated (rather than a voiding trial)?

A
  • Large defect > 2 cm
  • If foley is removed less than 7 days
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20
Q

Considerations when repairing a cystotomy?

A
  • Location relative to trigone
  • Ureteral assessment
  • Closure in 2 or 3 layers
  • Check for leaks/cysto
  • Foley catheter 3-7 days
  • Voiding trial or voiding cystourethrogram
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21
Q

Are antibiotics needed for intra operative cystotomy or while catheter is in place?

A

Nope!

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22
Q

Layers of closure for the bladder

A

Mucosa/submucosa = 3-0 vicryl running
Muscularis = 3-0 vicryl interrupted
Bladder Serosa = 2-0 vicryl interrupted

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23
Q

Describe steps of cystotomy repair

A

Assess location relative to trigone
Need for ureteral stents? Consult Urology

Bladder dome injury:
- Close mucosa/submucosa with 3-0 vicryl running
- Close musclaris with 3-0 vicryl interrupted
- Close bladder serosa with 2-0 vicryl interrupted
- Cystoscopy/Bladder instillation to check for leaks
- Replace foley catheter, leave in p lace 3-7 days
- Voiding trial on Day #7
- If large injury- do voiding cystourethrogram (or if foley removed prior to day 7)

NO ANTIBIOTICS NEEDED

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24
Q

Most common sites ureteral injury?

A
  • Clamping IP ligament
  • Clamping uterine artery
  • Near uterosacral ligament
  • Closing vaginal cuff
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25
Repair of ureteral injury > 5 cm above UVJ
Direct end-end reanastomosis (uretero-ureterostomy) - Spatulate the ureteral ends - 4-6 interrupted sutures of 4-0 vicryl - Ureteral stents + foley catheter x 10 days
26
Repair of ureteral injury < 5 cm above the UVJ
Bladder re-implantation (Uretero-neocystotomy)
27
What to do if there is too much tension to do an end-end re anastomosis or bladder re-implantation?
Psoas Hitch - pulling the bladder to the ureter by attaching it to the psoas muscle Boari Flap - essentially the same thing, using the bladder to form a longer tube to connect to the ureter
28
Basics of bowel injury
Always close the injury perpendicular to the long axis of the bowel If laceration is parallel to long axis = do end to end closure If laceration is perpendicular to long axis to side to side closure
29
Additional antibiotics needed for a bowel injury?
Small bowel - no additional if pt received her pre op abs Large bowel - YES, add dose of Flagyl *No post op dietary restrictions necessary *Do NOT need routine NG tube placement
30
Nerves likely to be injury during a transverse abdominal incision?
Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal If transected: Small triangular area of numbness above incision, apex toward umbilicus. Resolves in 6 months If entrapped by lateral sutures: sharp, burning pain. Radiates from incision to suprapubic area, labia or thigh. Relief with infiltration of local anesthetic
31
Concern for which nerve with very deep or lateral placement of side wall retractors? Or excessive hip adduction with vaginal surgery?
Femoral Sensory deficit of anterior/medial thigh Motor weakness of hip flexion and knee extension 90% resolve spontaneously
32
What could cause a foot drop? And sensory loss over dorsum of foot and lateral shin?
Use of Allen supporting leg/foot rests in vaginal surgery caused by the upper lateral tibial area Injury to PERONEAL nerve Resolves spontaneously in 3-6 months
33
How to avoid nerve injuries during surgery?
1. Avoid hyperextension and flexion when positioning 2. Use padding to minimize compression 3. Avoid lateral extension of transverse incisions beyond the border of the rectus muscle 4. Retractors should not compress the psoas muscles 5. Identify the obturator nerve when performing extensive dissection in the obturator fossa
34
Define post op fever
Fever >/= 100.4 on two occasions at least 4 hours apart excluding the first 24 hours post op OR one temp greater than 101.5 F
35
Fever 1-2 days post op
Bowel obstruction/ileus Pneumonia
36
Fever 2-5 days post op
"water" uTI
37
Fever 3-5 days post op
"Wound" Surgical site infection
38
Fever 7-10 days post op
"Walk" DVT
39
"Hectic" fever, elevated baseline temp with spikes after surgery Seen with Eosinophilia Patient looks better than temp suggests
Review medication list! "Wonder Drug" Consider septic pelvic thrombophlebitis (Tx is Gent/Clind + LMWH) if fever persistent fever after 3-5 days of antibiotics and no evidence of abscess
40
Cons of using the Robot?
More surgical incisions Lack of high quality evidence to show superiority Attempting procedure beyond skill Increased cost Lack of haptic feedback
41
Why do you use robotics?
- Extensive robotic training in residency - Experienced assistant is not available (work with NP with 2 years of OR experience, similar to intern level skills) - Better visualization, able to operate at lower insufflation levels to help with pain - Better fine motor control with articulated instruments - Able to use minimally invasive approach for more complex cases (fibroids/endometriosis) - Better detection of endometriosis lesions Compared to TAH: - Similar OR time - Less blood loss - Lower complication rate - Shorter hospital stay
42
What would you do in a pt that declines a pre-op EMB biopsy, but the D&C you did prior to ablation comes back with hyperplasia or EIN?
Refer to GYN Oncology for hysterectomy. There is a 3-50% chance of concurrent carcinoma at the time of hysterectomy Pt will need sLND, peritoneal washings + frozen section
43
Counseling on endometrial ablation
- Harder to assess the lining later on, need to do pre-op EmBx - Need to do TVUS to asses uterine cavity - Need RELIABLE contraception and risks of pregnancy following an ablation - Review DECREASED flow, and not absent menstrual flow
44
Things associated with higher failure rate of endometrial ablation?
- Large cavity size > 10 cm - Adenomyosis - Grand multi-parity - Younger age - Acute ante/retro flexion - Intra cavitary lesions (fibroid or polyp)
45
Contraindications to an ablation?
- CANCER or hyperplasia - Current pregnancy - Desires future pregnancy - Acute pelvic infection - IUD in place "relative" contraindications - increased risk of hyperplasia (obesity/LYNCH/tamoxifen) - postmenopausal women
46
Risk of removal of ovaries before age 50?
- Increased CV risk - Negative impact bone health - Negative impact on cognitive function - Negative impact on overall mortality
47
Risk of pre-menopausal oophorectomy?
- Increase is CVD - Increase in Stroke - Cognitive impairment - Dementia - Parkinson's disease - Glucoma - CKD - Osteoporosis - Increase all cause mortality - Increase sexual dysfunction
48
Risks of laparoscopic surgery?
Infection Bleeding Injury to surrounding structures Anesthesia risks Medical co-morbidities Specifically for laparoscopy: conversion to open, port site hernia
49
What are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
7 layers: Skin Subcutaneous tissue Fascia Anterior rectus sheath Rectus muscles Posterior rectus sheath (if above arcuate line) Pre-peritoneal fat Peritoneum
50
Options for abdominal entry?
Umbilicus - Veress - Direct visualization - Hassan technique Palmer's point : 2 cm below the costal margin at the mid clavicular line
51
How do you confirm safe entry into the abdomen? What general steps can be taken to increase the safety during abdominal entry?
- Pull back on the syringe to make sure there is no blood or stool - Saline drop test - Opening pressure < 5 mm Hg - Supine positioning - Awareness of anatomy and proximity of major vasculature, and angle of veress needle - Draining the bladder - Decompress the stomach - Switching techniques if not able to enter
52
If you have numbness around Pfannensteil incision, which nerve is likely transected?
Iliohypogastric
53
Name the layers of the abdomen above the arcuate line
Skin Subcutaneous tissue Anterior rectus sheath (external + internal oblique) Rectus muscles Posterior rectus sheath (Transversalis + interntal oblique) Preperitoneal fat Peritoneum
54
Off what vessel does the inferior epigastric artery arise?
Branch of the external iliac Runs medial to the lateral border of the rectus Creates the "lateral umbilical fold"
55
Goals of ERAS protocol?
Shorter length of stay decreased Post op pain More rapid return of bowel function decreased complication/readmission rates Increased patient satisfaction
56
Components of ERAS
Avoid prolonged fasting Regional anesthesia Maintenance of normothermia Early mobilization
57
Virchow's Triad
Hypercoagulable state Stasis Irregular vessel wall (endothelial damage)
58
What types of things are considered in the caprini score?
Age Route of surgery (open vs. lsc) BMI Hx of DVT/thrombophilia OCPs/HRT use
59
How does the Caprini score stratify risk?
Low = 1.5% VTE risk Moderate risk = 3% risk High risk = 6% risk
60
Management of Caprini score > 5?
SCDs Extended anticoagulation after surgery LMWH 28 days If high risk of bleeding, wait to start until bleeding risk is lower
61
What patient would be a candidate for SCDs and perioperative anticcoagulation?
Caprini score 3-4 Always use SCDs then could consider LDUH or LMWH if average risk of bleeding (If high, then just use SCDs)
62
What is the Wells score?
Clinical assessment for pulmonary emoblism
63
Heparin MOA and dosing
Cofactor for antithrombin Increases inhibition of thrombin and Factor Xa 150 u/kg loading dose > 20 u/kg/hr maintenance Change to warfarin or SubQ 8-10k units BID
64
Goal PTT with Heparin?
PTT 1.5 -2.5 x normal
65
Reversal for Heparin?
Protamine Sulfate
66
Theraputic dosing for lovenox?
1 mg/kg BID
67
How does induction of anesthesia affect blood pressure?
Anesthesia triggers sympathetic activation that may raise systemic blood pressure by 20-30 in normotensive patients, up to 90 mm Hg in untreated patients
68
Should patient's take their BP medication the morning of surgery?
In most cases answer is yes! Abrupt cessation of beta blocks can lead to rebound hypertension ACE + ARBS should be held. Can blunt renin activation and cause intraoperative hypotension (resume post op) *Check electrolytes if on diuretic
69
What pre and intra-operative steps can be taken to decrease risk of fluid overload when doing a myomectomy
Pre-operative treatment with GnRH agonists intraoperative injection of dilute vasopressin (0.05 U/mL).
70
How does the stress of surgery cause ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia in a diabetic patient?
Surgery induces a stress response with catecholamine and cortisol release, which reduces sensitivity to insulin. Adrenaline release causes glucagon release which stimulates glucose release (glycogenolysis) and gluconeogenesis. Glucagon also inhibits glucose breakdown and glycogen formation. Without glucose available the cells start using fat as main source of fuel. This induced catabolic state can lead to keto- and gluconeogenesis as well as the breakdown of proteins, and fats, leading to hyperglycemia and ketosis. 
71
Diabetic meds on day of surgery?
Due to the risk of metabolic acidosis, metformin and other oral hypoglycemic agents should be withheld the day of surgery
72
Insulin management on day of surgery?
On the morning of surgery, the patient should receive 50% of their usual NPH dose or 75-80% of their usual long-acting insulin analog (e.g. glargine or detemir) or pump basal insulin dose During surgery, the patient should be placed on a variable rate intravenous infusion of insulin for longer complex procedures - Type 1 diabetics should be maintained with a basal rate -Active management of glucose intra-operatively is important to manage the physiologic changes with the use of anesthetics, sedatives and analgesics. Medium and short acting insulins can be used for minor procedures Blood glucose monitoring should occur at least every 2-4 hours while patients remain NPO with additional short-acting insulin administered as needed. Can use sliding scale if missing more than one meal

GYN (14 decks)

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