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Surgical Microbiology Flashcards

(95 cards)

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1
Q

Relation of oxygen with staphylococcus aureus

A

Facultative anaerobe

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2
Q

Gram test of staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram positive

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3
Q

blood agar plates test for staphylococcus aureus

A

Haemolysis

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4
Q

Catalase test for staphylococcus aureus

A

positive

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5
Q

carriers state of staphylococcus aureus

A

20% of populations are long term carrier

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6
Q

Result of exotoxin of staphylococcus aureus

A

toxic shock syndrome

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7
Q

entero toxin of staphylococcus may cause

A

gastroenteritis

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8
Q

Does staphylococcus have any toxins

A

Yes
Exotoxin and enterotoxin

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9
Q

Treatment of infection with staphylococcus aureus

A

Ideally treated with penicillin

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10
Q

How do many strains of staphylococcus aureus now resistant

A

through beta Lactamase production.

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11
Q

Why penicillin may be ineffective in case of infection with staphylococcus aureus

A

many strains now resistant and in the UK less than 5% of isolates are sensitive to penicillin.

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12
Q

What does the mec operon gene do?

A

mecA is a gene found in bacterial cells which allows them to be resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin and other penicillin-like antibiotics. The bacteria strain most commonly known to carry mecA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

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13
Q

What are Penicillin-binding proteins

A

Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are bacterial enzymes that play a key role in the biosynthesis of cell walls.
PBPs are membrane-associated proteins that bind to penicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics.

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14
Q

Importance of Penicillin-binding proteins

A

PBPs are inhibited by β-lactam antibiotics

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15
Q

Common cause of cutaneous infections and abscesses and why

A

Staphylococcus aureus because 20% population are long term carriers on skin

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16
Q

Gram test of streptococcus pyogens

A

Positive

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17
Q

colonies of streptococcus pyogens

A

forms chain

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18
Q

What is Lancefield grouping

A

Lancefield grouping is a method for classifying streptococci based on the antigens in their cell walls. The system is named after Rebecca C. Lancefield, who initially divided streptococci into groups A and B in 1928. Today, the system includes groups A through H and K through V.

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19
Q

types of hemolysis in blood agar media

A

Alpha-hemolysis: Partial hemolysis that produces a wide zone of complete hemolysis with blurred edges

Beta-hemolysis is complete hemolysis. It is characterized by a clear (transparent) zone surrounding the colonies

Gamma-hemolysis: Non-hemolysis, where there is no lysis or clearing

Delta-hemolysis: A narrow zone of incomplete hemolysis with blurred edges

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20
Q

Hemolysis by streptococcus pyogens in blood agar

A

Beta/complete

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21
Q

Is streptococcus pyogens a? part of normal skin microflora

A

Rarely

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22
Q

Catalase test of streptococcus pyogens

A

negative

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23
Q

Releases a number of proteins/ virulence factors into host and their effect

A

hyaluronidase, streptokinase which allow rapid tissue destruction

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24
Q

superantigen of streptococcus pyogens

A

pyogenic exotoxin A which results in scarlet fever

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25
Treatment of streptococcus pyogens
Remains sensitive to penicillin, macrolides may be used as an alternative.
26
Mechanism of macrolides
Macrolides are antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit
27
Which drugs are macrolides and their use
Macrolides are a class of drugs used to manage and treat various bacterial infections. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin are commonly used to treat infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis.
28
Escherichia coli type
rod
29
Gram test for E coli
Negative
30
Relation of oxygen with E coli
Facultative anaerobe
31
Due Escherichia coli produce spores
non sporing
32
Location of E coli
Wide range of subtypes and some are normal gut commensals
33
lethal toxins of E coli with effect
O157 subtype may produce lethal toxins resulting in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome IN CHILDREN
34
Early symptoms of HUS (Haemolytic–uraemic syndrome)
vomiting, bloody diarrhea (loose stool/poop), stomach pain, fever, chills, and headache
35
Late symptoms of Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
(HUS) is a group of blood disorders characterized by low red blood cells, acute kidney injury (previously called acute renal failure), and low platelets.
36
Effect of Enterotoxigenic E-Coli
produces an enterotoxin (ST enterotoxin) that results in large volume fluid secretion into the gut lumen (Via cGMP activation)
37
moderate invasive Vs significant invasive E coli to intestinal cells and cause structural damage
Enteropathogenic- moderate Enteroinvasive- significant
38
Feature of invasion of gut by E coli
enteritis and large volume diarrhoea together with fever
39
Antibiotics for E coli
Fluoroquinolones: Such as ciprofloxacin Macrolides: Such as azithromycin
40
Why penicillin may not work against E coli
They are resistant to many antibiotics used to treat gram positive infections and acquire resistance rapidly and are recognised as producing beta lactamases
41
Shape of Campylobacter jejuni
Curved
42
gram test for campylobacter jejuni
Negative
43
Does campylobacter jejuni produce spore
non sporulating
44
Relation of campylobacter jejuni with diarrhoea
One of the commonest causes of diarrhoea worldwide
45
What is enteritis
Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine
46
How campylobacter jejuni is related to appendicitis
Remains a differential for right iliac fossa pain with diarrhoea
47
Good thing about treatment of campylobacter jejuni
Self limiting infection so antibiotics are not usually advised. However, the QUINOLONES (cipro/moxi) are often rapidly effective
48
What are quinolone drugs
Currently there are four quinolone generations: nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin
49
Shape of Helicobacter pylori
helix shaped rod
50
Gram test of Helicobacter pylori
Negative
51
Relation of oxygen with Helicobacter pylori
microaerophillic
52
How hydrogen can be a source of energy for Helicobacter pylori
Produces hydrogenase that can derive energy from hydrogen released by intestinal bacteria
53
Can Helicobacter pylori move
Flagellated and mobile
54
Which Helicobacter pylori may cause ulcers
Those carrying the cag A gene may cause ulcers
55
Dual effect on gastric acid by Helicobacter pylori
1.Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) uses urease to neutralize gastric acid and colonize the stomach: 2.H. pylori infection has been found to consistently elevate plasma gastrin concentrations.
56
How does Helicobacter pylori neutralise the gastric acid and why?
It secretes urease that breaks down gastric urea> Carbon dioxide and ammonia> ammonium>bicarbonate (simplified!) The bicarbonate can neutralise the gastric acid. To save itself
57
How does Helicobacter pylori increase gastric acid production and result
colonises the gastric antrum and irritates These patients will develop DUODENAL ulcers
58
When and what will happen with the acid neutralising ability suppresses the acid producing ability of Helicobacter pylori
In those with more DIFFUSE H-Pylori infection gastric acid levels are lower and ulcers develop by local tissue damage from H-Pylori- these patients get GASTRIC ulcers.
59
Tests to diagnose helicopter pylori
1.Serology (approx. 75% sensitive). 2.Biopsy urease test during endoscopy probably the most sensitive.
60
Risk of Helicobacter pylori
In patients who are colonised 10-20% risk of peptic ulcer, 1-2% risk gastric cancer, <1% risk MALT lymphoma.
61
illness phases of fasciola hepatica
two
62
symptoms of acute phase is fasciitis hepatica
immature worms begin penetrating the gut, causing fever nausea, swollen liver, skin rashes and extreme abdominal pain
63
Symptoms of chronic phase of fasciola hepatica
occurs when the worms mature in the bile duct, and can cause intermittent pain, jaundice and anemia.
64
Treatment of fasciola hepatica
with triclabendazole. Some patients may need ERCP
65
Which pus has a pungent aroma
Bacteroides fragilis
66
ENT feature of glandular fever
combination of pharyngitis and tonsillitis is often seen in glandular fever
67
Kigella age group
children aged 6 months to 4 years
68
Disease caused by Kigella kingae
infectious discitis (D) and infectious spondylodiscitis (SD)
69
risk of wound infection in case of uncomplicated surgery
around 3-5% (Pasquali et al and Matsui et al).
70
indicative of quinsy
Unilateral swelling and fever
71
Microscopic colitis
Microscopic colitis is a common condition characterised by normal endoscopic appearances, microscopic features of colonic inflammation and thickening of the sub epithelial collagen layer.
72
Why Yersinia enterocolitica is DD of appendicitis
Yersinia can be mistaken for acute appendicitis due to mesenteric lymphadenitis and ileitis.
73
Cause of plague
Yersinia pestis
74
most common organism affecting previously abnormal heart valves.
Streptococcus viridans
75
most common cause of bacterial tonsillitis
streptococcal organisms.
76
Which organism tends to colonise plastic devices
Staphylococcus epidermidis
77
What is melanosis coli
Melanosis coli is a benign pigment disorder in which the lining of the large intestine, or colon, turns black or brown, usually as a result of laxative use. This may occur as a result of laxative abuse and consists of lipofuschin laden macrophages that appear brown.
78
Which diarrhea/septicemia is associated with carcinoma of the colon
Streptococcus bovis
79
most common cause of bladder calcification by infection worldwide
Schistosomiasis
80
Location is Schistosoma mansoni infection
typically resided in the colon from where it is excreted.
81
Disease causing bulls neck appearance
Infection with diphtheria
82
In which infection the oropharynx is covered with a thick grey membrane which bleeds following attempted removal.
Infection with diphtheria
83
Organism containing sulphur granules
actinomycosis
84
Ototoxicity is a recognised adverse reaction with which antibiotics
the aminoglycoside
85
Best treatment of infective dislocation of total hip replacement
Removal of metal work implantation of gentamicin beads and delayed revision is the mainstay of managing this complication after 4 weeks. In earlier infections, linear exchanges covered by prolonged courses of antibiotics can be used.
86
Birds are a recognised reservoir of which organism causing painful diarrhea
campylobacter jejuni
87
Which drugs are aminoglycosides?
gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin
88
Use of Chloramphenicol
superficial eye infections such as bacterial conjunctivitis, and otitis externa
89
Causes of Discitis in children
Staphylococcus aureus, Kingella kingae(6 months to 4 years), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella
90
Treatment of Discitis in children
Initial treatment is with broad spectrum intravenous antibiotics that cover s aureus, children aged 4 months to 6 years need cover for Kigella.
91
ESR & WCC in septic arthritis
The WCC should ideally be > 12 and the ESR > 40 to suggest septic arthritis.
92
Relation of virus with synovitis
Viral illnesses can be associated with transient synovitis
93
Shenton's line
Shenton's line should be a smooth, continuous arc that connects the femoral neck to the superior margin of the obturator foramen.
94
Why prophylactic use of antibiotics is not appropriate for Mayo repair
As the Mayo repair does not involve implantation of prosthetic mesh the use of antibiotics is not appropriate.
95
Solution for skin preparation before incision
Alcoholic chlorhexidine

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