Surveying Flashcards
(51 cards)
The art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent and relative position of points, lines and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques.
Surveying
Two General Classifications of Surveying
Plane Surveying and Geodetic Surveying
Type of survey in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface, and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded
Plane Surveying
surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Geodetic Surveying
usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and boundaries, corners and areas.
Cadastral Surveys
surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of planning expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, determining the physical features and configuration of the land, and preparing maps.
City Surveys
surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration and the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects and builders.
Construction Surveys
surveys executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
Forestry Surveys
refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shorelines, chart the shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams.
Hydrographic Surveys
sometimes known as optical tooling.
Industrial Surveys
It refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
Industrial Surveys
surveys which are performed to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes and establish lines and grades for other related mining work.
Mine Surveys
surveys which make use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
Photogrammetric Surveys
involve the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear projects.
Route Surveys
surveys made for determining the shape of the ground, and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
Topographic Surveys
considered to be one of the best known of the
measuring instruments. It was developed sometime in 140B.C., and further improved by Ptolemy.
Astrolabe
The invention of this instrument was in 1607 and was accredited to Lippershey.
Telescope
The invention of this instrument is credited to Young and Draper who worked independently from each other sometime in 1830.
Transit
early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles, and establish lines of sight by employing peep sights.
Semicircumferentor
It consists of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.
Plane table
was perfected by Heron of Alexandria, was used in leveling and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a copper tube supported on a standard and could be rotated in either a horizontal or vertical plane.
Dioptra
It is an instrument for aligning or sighting points. It consisted basically of cross arms fixed at right angles and pivoted eccentrically upon a vertical staff.
Roman Groma
The instrument had an A – frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal.
Libella
a short auxiliary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument, by means of which fractional parts of the smallest or least division of the main scale can be determined precisely without having to interpolate.
Vernier
