Susie Chapter 7

Question 1

the neural activity that form a chain of command -from the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia to the cerebellum and spinal cord is called…

Answer 1

motor hierarchy

Question 2

this part of the brain is responsible for the initiation and end of the movement. it is also important in learning, allowing the selection of actions that lead to rewards.

Answer 2

basal ganglia

Question 3

the terminal branches of the axons of each motor neuron form specialised__ __ on to a limited number of muscle fibres within one muscle.

Answer 3

neuromuscular junctions

Question 4

each action potential in a motor neuron causes the release of NT from __ __ and generates a corresponding action potential in the __ __. This causes __ ions to be released from intracellular stores inside each muscle fibre. This in turn triggers contraction of the muscle fibres, producing force and movement.

Answer 4

nerve endings, muscle fibres, Ca+

Question 5

this area plans and provides sensory feedback for complex movements. integrates info from primary cortical areas.

Answer 5

cortical association area

Question 6

these two areas contain a mental representation of where the body is in relation to the world

Answer 6

primary somatosensory cortex, posterior parietal cortex

Question 7

this area processes sensory info from the parietal cortex

Answer 7

medial premotor area

Question 8

this area plans complex movements including movements of the hands

Answer 8

lateral premotor area

Question 9

this area contains mirror neurons important for imitating and learning actions

Answer 9

premotor cortex

Question 10

this area coordinates complex movements and allows us to learn movement patterns, helps provide smooth body movements. also important in motor learning and adaptation.

Answer 10

cerebellum

Question 11

a group of neurons in the __ __ fire together to specify an action

Answer 11

motor cortex

Question 12

this tract carries info from the motor cortex to the muscle

Answer 12

corticospinal tract

Question 13

which reflex doesn’t require instructions from the brian?

Answer 13

spinal reflex

Question 14

if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would motor function be affect?

Answer 14

left

Question 15

if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would deep touch sensation be affected?

Answer 15

left

Question 16

if you damaged the left part of you spinal cord, where would pain and temperature sensation be affected?

Answer 16

right

Question 17

the final successful nerve left releases its NT __ on to specialised molecular detectors at the __ __

Answer 17

ACh, motor endplate

Question 18

this reflex protect you from sharp or hot objects

Answer 18

withdrawal reflex

Question 19

this reflex has a role in posture

Answer 19

stretch reflex

Question 20

motor neurons are the __ __ __ to the muscles that move your bones.

Answer 20

final common path

Question 21

this cortex is a thin strip of tissue running across the surface of the brain, directly in front of the somatosensory cortex

Answer 21

motor cortex

Question 22

this is used in which actions are specified by the firing of an ensemble of neurons

Answer 22

population code

Question 23

this area is involved in planning actions, in preparing spinal circuits for movement, and in processes that establish links between seeing movements and understanding gestures.

Answer 23

pre-motor areas

Question 24

this type of neuron is likely to be important in imitating and understanding actions

Answer 24

mirror neurons

Question 25

this is a disease which causes people failing to notice objects (often on their left side) and some even ignore the left side of their own body.

Answer 25

parietal neglect

Question 26

this lobe contains cortical areas that are responsible for spatial representation of the body and of visual and auditory targets around us

Answer 26

parietal lobe

Question 27

the acquisition of skilled movements depends on a cellular learning mechanism called __ __, which reduces the strength of some synaptic connections.

Answer 27

long-term depression (LTD)

Question 28

this amplifier can be used to measure the level of activity in each muscle

Answer 28

electro-myographic recordings (EMGs)

Question 29

the release of dopamine is highest when the reward is expected/unexpected?

Answer 29

unexpected

Question 30

which three parts make up basal ganglia?

Answer 30

globus pallidus, putamen + caudate nucleus(striatum)

Question 31

what is the flat effect that happens on patients with Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 31

their expressions don’t change much even under stress condition

Question 32

during the action potential, when membrane is depolarized, which channels open?

Answer 32

calcium

Question 33

which ions diffuse and bind with the receptor on the muscle cell (motor end plate)?

Answer 33

ACh

Question 34

after ACh bind with receptor, which ion enter the muscle cell causing small local depolarization and therefore triggers a bigger action potential within the cell?

Answer 34

sodium

Question 35

which ion is released inside the cell for the bigger action potential which causes the muscle to contract, produces tension, and allows movements?

Answer 35

calcium

Question 36

what part of the brain contains extensively branched Purkinje cell? (for precise timing of skilled movements)

Answer 36

cerebellum

Question 37

true or false

the basal ganglia orchestrates most reflexes, including the knee-jerk reflex

Answer 37

false.

spinal cord does this