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Suspected Short Answer Exam Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Detail the five key differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle.

A
  1. Location: Skeletal muscle is located around the body and attached to skeletal via tendons. Cardiac muscle is confined the the heart and very terminal aspects of major veins.
  2. Innovation: Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and innovated by somatic nerves. While cardiac muscle in under involuntary control and innovated by autonomic nerves.
  3. Number of nuclei: Skeletal muscle is a multi-nucleated cell where as cardiac muscle is mononuclear cell.
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2
Q

Explain the process of a negative feedback loop.

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

  1. Stimulus: e.g., Increase in temperature
  2. Receptors: e.g., Thermoreceptors
  3. Afferent signal (a signal that goes toward the control centre/brain)
  4. Control centre (brain) receives the signal – brain decides what should be done.
  5. Efferent signal (a signal that goes from the control centre/brain)
  6. Effectors: the effector (e.g., Sweat glands) makes a change (sweating)
    - Stimulus = rise in temperature
    - Outcome = drop in temperature
    - Negative feedback stops the change (outcome negates the stimulus)
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3
Q

Explain the process of a negative feedback loop.

A

POSITIVE FEEDBACK
1. Stimulus: e.g., Labour (baby’s head stretching cervix)
2. Receptors: e.g., Stretch receptors in the cervix
3. Afferent signal
4. Control center (brain) signals the pituitary gland to release oxytocin (a hormone) to help contract the uterus, pushing the baby through the cervix.
5. Efferent signal: (oxytocin flowing through the bloodstream)
6. Effector: Uterus (uterus will contract) – baby’s head will continue to stretch the cervix, amplifying the initial cervix.
- Stimulus = baby’s head stretching the cervix.
- Outcome = more uterus contraction, eventually resulting in the baby’s birthing.
- Positive feedback increases change (outcome amplifies the stimulus).
- Positive feedback is a short-term homeostasis mechanism
- Positive feedback loops are rear in nature because they have the potential to make a situation more extreme.

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4
Q

Explain Internal (Cellular) Respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries as a result of pressure differentials.
1. High Pp O2 and low Pp CO2 in blood - Low Pp O2 and high Pp CO2 in cells.
2. Diffusion: O2 Diffuses from blood into cells and CO2 diffuses from cells to blood.

….
3. Cell uses O2 for energy oxidative phosphorlation (ATP/Energy) production.
4. O2 travels through the blood (plasma) to the right side of the heart where it is pumped into the lungs to be exchanged via external respiration and exhaled via pulmonary ventilation.

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5
Q

NOT pulmonary VENTILATION: Moving air in and out of the lungs.

Describe External Respiration

A

The gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli as a result of pressure differentials:
1. High Pp O2 and low Pp CO2 in alvioli - Low Pp O2 and high Pp CO2 in pulmonay blood.
2. Diffusion: O2 Diffuses from alvioli into bloodstream and CO2 diffuses from blood to alvioli

Molecules will diffuse from and area of high pressure to low pressure.

…
3. Oxygenated blood returned to heart and distributed for cellular respiration
4. CO2 in the alvioli is exhaled via pulmonary ventilation.

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6
Q

I.e.,

a) Blood leaving tissues…

b) Blood leaving lungs…

What is the Pp of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary circulation?

A

a) Blood leaving tissues and entering lungs:
PO2 = 40 mmHg
PCO2 = 45 mmHg

b) Blood leaving lungs and entering tissue capillaries:
PO2 = 100 mmHg
PCO2 = 40 mmHg

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7
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume:

Increase in lung volume decreases intrapulmonary (alveolar) pressure - Air goes in.

Decrease in lung volume, raises intrapulmonary pressure above atmosphere. Air goes out.

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8
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The exchange of gases between lungs and blood and
gas movement at the tissue level progress passively by diffusion, depending on their pressure gradients.

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9
Q

What is the main receptive portion of a nerve cell (neuron) called?

A

…

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10
Q

Detail the five key differences between skeletal and cardiac muscle.

A
  1. Location: Skeletal muscle is located around the body and attached to skeletal via tendons. Cardiac muscle is confined the the heart and very terminal aspects of major veins.
  2. Innovation: Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and innovated by somatic nerves. While cardiac muscle in under involuntary control and innovated by autonomic nerves.
  3. Number of nuclei: Skeletal muscle is a multi-nucleated cell where as cardiac muscle is mononuclear cell.
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11
Q

Fill in the blanks (10)

A

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12
Q

Briefly identify the role of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system (3).

A

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13
Q

What are the main differences between A-beta (Aß) and C fibers regarding structure and function? (4)

A

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14
Q

Identify 3 key differences between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. (3)

A

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15
Q

What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump? (1)

A

The left ventricle… pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta during systole, where it is transported to the body’s tissues.

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16
Q

As it leaves the right ventricle the blood passes through the semilunar valve into which artery? (1)

A

Through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk.

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17
Q

Fill in the blanks (5).

A

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18
Q

Which main muscles produce movement of the ribs during inhalation? (3)

A
  1. The Diaphragm
  2. The external intercostal muscles

This is done in a bucket handle and pump handle fassion

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19
Q

What is the name given to the volume of air that is ventilated in one normal breath? (1)

A

Tidal Volume

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20
Q

Fill in the blanks (7)

A

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21
Q

What types of bones are displayed?

A

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22
Q

Describe the functions and properties of hyaline cartilage (4).

A

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23
Q

Using bullet points, describe the sequence of events that produces a muscle contraction, starting with the arrival of an Action Potential at the Motor End Plate. (5)

A

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24
Q

What name is given to the individual contractile unit composed of Actin and Myosin, that is found within myofibrils? (1)

A

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25
Which part of the nerve cell (neuron) is bundled with others to form a tract? (1)
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26
Describe the location and function of Schwann Cells? (2)
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27
Identify the two main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous system and for each briefly describe their role (5)
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28
With reference to the components of the reflex arc, describe the process of activation of the biceps tendon reflex. (5)
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29
Which cellular component of blood is primarily responsible for the transport of oxygen? (1)
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30
Identify 3 key differences between the muscular arteries and veins (3)
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31
Describe the path a blood cell takes around the pulmonary circulation, starting with its arrival at the superior vena cava and finishing at the termination of the pulmonary vein. (6)
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32
Explain what is meant by bucket handle and pump handle movement in relation to the thorax during inspiration and why it is important in the process. (3)
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33
Describe the pathway of an oxygen molecule from the moment it enters the upper respiratory tract via the nose to the moment it reaches the capillary. (6)
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34
Identify the hair-like structures which clear debris and mucus from the trachea. (1)
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35
Identify three ways in which Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is carried within the blood and explain what excessive CO2 does to blood pH levels. (3)
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36
Using bullet points, describe the 5 key structures of a synovial joint of your choice and explain the role of those structures. (6)
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37
Explain the difference between concentric, isometric, and eccentric muscle action. (3)
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38
Describe the changes in the Actin and Myosin of the arrival of Calcium ions (Ca2+) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). (4)
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39
Outline TWO ways that carbon dioxide is transported by the blood from the tissues to the lungs. (2)
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40
Outline 4 important features of a tubular bone. (2).
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41
Name the Origin and Insertion of the following muscles. (3)
Rec Fem: Hamstring: Sartorius:
42
List the FOUR muscles that make up the quadriceps. (2)
43
Name TWO functions of the Bicep muscles (2).
44
Briefly Explain the process of muscle contraction. (2)
45
Describe the role of actin, myosin, calcium, troponin, and tropomyosin (4).
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46
Briefly describe how air is moved from the atmosphere to the lungs.
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47
Briefly describe how air is moved from the atmosphere to the lungs. (2)
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48
Describe the transportation of oxygen to active skeletal muscle (2)
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49
Define cardiac output (1).
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50
Outline 5 factors that can alter cardiac output (5)
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51
Fill in the blanks (4).
a. b. c. d.
52
Name the five main nerves of the brachial plexus
- Musculocutaneous Nerve - Ulna Nerve - Median Nerve - Radial Nerve - Axillary Nerve
53
Name five muscles supplied by the median nerve
54
What nerve supplies the extensors of the wrist? (1)
55
What is the name given to the volume of air that is left in the lungs after passive exhalation? (2)
56
Describe two factors that improve the diffusion of gas across the alveolar membrane (3)
57
Identify two functions of the cerebellum (2)
58
Using bullet points describe the structure of a myelinated neuron (5)
59
Describe key two key differences between elastic and muscular arteries. (2)
60
Using bullet points and with reference to the appropriate nodes, fibres and heart chambers, describe how a contraction of the heart initiated and propagated. (5)
61
Using any joint as an example, describe the role of ligaments in joint function (3)
62
Explain what is meant by a “Eccentric Muscle Contraction”

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