SWE Study Master Flashcards
(182 cards)
0
Q
What does SOLAS Chapter III cover?
A
SOLAS Chapters
I - General II - Construction/Fire Protection III - Life Saving IV - Radiocommuncations V - Safety of Navigation VI - Carriage of Cargoes VII - Carriage of Dangerous Goods VIII - Nuclear Ships IX - Safe operations of Ships XI - Enhanced Maritime Safety/Security
1
Q
How many parachute flares per Lifeboat?
A
LSA 4.4.8.13
Four rocket parachute flares
2
Q
How many bouyant smoke signals per Lifeboat?
A
LSA 4.4.8.15
two bouyant smoke signals
3
Q
Winter North Atlantic and Fresh Water load lines are only required on?
A
ICLL Annex I Reg 6/7
On sailing ships only Fresh Water Load Line and Winter North Atlantic Load Line need be marked.
4
Q
What are the NLS categories described in MARPOL?
A
MARPOL Annex II/CH 2/Reg 6.1
X - presents a major hazard
Y - Presents a hazard
Z - Presents a minor hazard
5
Q
Only 1 life boat is required for how many crew plus passengers?
A
SOLAS 60 III/8 (a)
Provided that in passenger ships in which the total number of persons which the ship is certified to carry, together with the crew, does not exceed 30, only one such motor lifeboat shall be carried.
6
Q
Radiotelegraphy units are required for all lifeboats on passenger ships carrying _________ or more passengers?
A
SOLAS 60 III/14
1,500
7
Q
In screening an arrival, how many points constitutes a PI?
A
PI - >17 pts
PII - 7-16pts
NPV- 17pts
ISPSII - 7-16pts
ISPSIII -
8
Q
What is required of navigational publications?
A
SOLAS 09 V/27
shall be adequate and up to date.
33 CFR 164.33
must be current and corrected
my also be published by a foreign government
9
Q
How often is a vessel that is enrolled in Qualship 21 program examined?
A
cargo ships require a ISPS annually and a Safety exam once every 3 years
10
Q
Where are the Regulations for Certificate of Financial Responsibility(COFR) found?
A
33 CFR 138
11
Q
What size vessels and above (foreign) are required to have a Waste Management Plan?
A
33 CFR 151.57
> 40ft U.S. Documented
MARPOL >400GT
12
Q
What is the degree of visibility required from the Bridge of a vessel?
A
SOLAS V/22.5
From the main steering position, the horizontal field of vision shall not extend over an arc from right ahead to at least 60deg on each side of the ship
13
Q
What are the approved sources for navigational publications?
A
33 CFR 164.33 (b)
As an alternative to the requirements for paragraph (a) of this section, a marine chart or publication, or applicable extract, published by a foreign government may be substituted for a U.S. chart and publication required by this section. The chart must be of large enough scale and have enough detail to make safe navigation of the area possible, and must be currently corrected. The publication, or applicable extract, must singly or in combination contain similar information to the U.S. Government publication to make safe navigation of the area possible. The publication, or applicable extract must be currently corrected, with the exceptions of tide and tidal current tables, which must be the current editions.
14
Q
What are the approve sources for chart updates?
A
33 CFR 164.33 (c)
As used in this section, “currently corrected” means corrected with changes contained in all Notices to Mariners published by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, or an equivalent foreign government publication, reasonably available to the vessel, and that is applicable to the vessel’s transit.
15
Q
Attainment of raise in MARSEC level can be counted as a drill if approved by?
A
33 CFR 105. 220 (a)(2)
A drill or exercise required by this section may be satisfied with the implementation of security measures required by the FSP as the result of an increase in the MARSEC Level, provided the facility reports attainment to the cognizant COTP.
16
Q
Number of seconds required for shut downs to stop flow before Nov 1980?
A
33 CFR 154.550
60 Seconds
17
Q
Number of seconds required for shutdowns to stop flow of oil after Nov 1980?
A
33 CFR 154.550
30 Seconds
18
Q
Security drills test ____________ parts of the security plan.
A
33 CFR 105.220 (b)(2)
individual elements
19
Q
Security drills are required to be conducted how often?
A
33CFR105.220(b)(1)
3 months
20
Q
Security exercise is a _______ test of the security plan?
A
33 CFR 105.220(c)(5)
Full Test
21
Q
Security exercises are required to be conducted how often?
A
33CFR105.220(c)(1)
(1) Exercises must be conducted at least once each calendar year, with no more than 18 months between exercises.
22
Q
Are vessels docked at facilities during drill/exercise required to be part of the drill/exercise?
A
33CFR105.220(b)(3)
cannot be required
23
Q
What is the minimum required distance from a bulk liquid transfer area for hotwork to be conducted?
A
33CFR126.30(f)
Welding or hotwork is prohibited during gas freeing operations within 30.5 meters (100 feet) of bulk cargo operations involving flammable or combustible materials, within 30.5 meters (100 feet) of fueling operations, within 30.5 meters (100 feet) of explosives, or within 15.25 meters (50 feet) of other hazardous materials.
24
When can an LOW be issued?
MSM V/C.2
B.3.a. Marine Safety, Security and Environmental Laws/Regulations
Warnings shall not be issued in lieu of pursuing Civil Penalty action for the following:
• Any violation that represents a significant threat to health, safety, or the environment;
• Any intentional violation;
• A second violation of the exact same offense within a 2-year period;
• Any second violation of different statutes/regulations within a year period; or
• When more than three violations of different statutes/regulations are
discovered during any single detection activity.
25
Facility lighting requirements after dark? What needs to be illuminated?
33CFR 154.570
| transfer connection, and transfer operations work area
26
Location of alarms for a Facility of Particular hazard?
33CFR126.16
| The alarm is required to be WATERSIDE
27
Distance that the alarm of a FOPH must be seen/heard?
33CFR126.16
| 1 mile
28
What are the required containment volumes for barge side connections?
33CFR155.310 (b)(2)
a fixed or portable container of at least one-half barrel under each loading manifold or connection.
29
What are the containment requirements for a tank vessel?
33CFR155.310(a)(1)
(i) One half barrel if it serves one or more hoses with an inside diameter of 2 inches or less, or one or more loading arms with a nominal pipe size diameter of 2 inches or less;
(ii) One barrel if it serves one or more hoses with an inside diameter of more than 2 inches but less than 4 inches, or one or more loading arms with a nominal pipe size diameter of more than 2 inches but less than 4 inches;
(iii) Two barrels if it serves one or more hoses with an inside diameter of 4 inches or more, but less than 6 inches, or one or more loading arms with a nominal pipe size diameter of 4 inches or more, but less than 6 inches;
(iv) Three barrels if it serves one or more hoses with an inside diameter of 6 inches or more, but less than 12 inches, or one or more loading arms with a nominal pipe size diameter of 6 inches or more, but less than 12 inches; or
(v) Four barrels if it serves one or more hoses with an inside diameter of 12 inches or more, or one or more loading arms with a nominal pipe size diameter of 12 inches or more;
30
Safety training records are required to be kept for _____ years?
3 years
31
Security training records are required to be kept for _________ years?
2 years
32
How long is an Alternative Security Program valid for?
33CFR101.120 (e)
Validity of Alternative Security Program. An Alternative Security Program approved under this section is valid for 5 years from the date of its approval.
33
What areas are required to be illuminated on a self propelled vessel during transfer operations?
33CFR155.790 transfer operation areas and each connection point & each transfer area and connection point on each barge.
34
When is no containment required on a fuel fill valve?
33CFR155.320(b)(3)
If the ship has a fill fitting for which containment is impractical, use an automatic back pressure shut-off nozzle.
35
What is put at the top of an NOV issued for security deficiencies?
NOV User Guide
Sensitive Security Information
36
A DOS is valid for ______ days?
33 CFR105.245
MARSEC Level I: cruise ships and vessels carrying CDC--90 days
MARSEC Level II: all vessels ---30 days
MARSEC Level III: All vessels NO continuing DOS
Records must be maintained for 90 Days
37
Who is the facility representative responsible for OSHA compliance for private responders?
33CFR154.1050(d) Facility Owner or Operator IAW 29CFR1910.120
38
40CFR110 covers non-reportable discharges from?
40CFR110.5
Properly functioning vessel & bilges of a vessel in compliance with MARPOL 73/78
39
What number is used for tracking oil samples or evidence?
MISLE Number
40
What law covers the proper shipping of oil samples?
49CFR171.22
International Civil Aviation Organization's Technical Institutions
41
How much absorbent material must be included in a properly packaged sample box?
Enough for the contents of 1 broken sample jar
42
A warm front is associated with what type of weather?
Warm moist air. Precipitation likely.
43
When an NOV is submitted to collections its status is changed to?
NOV User Guide
It automatically changes to "Open-Forward to Collections" after 60 days
The unit must change to "Open- Submitted to Collections" and transfer ownership and control to MLCPAC Claims and Litigations (Colletctions)
44
What section of 33CFR lists Area, District, and COTP Zones?
33CFR3
45
51-90% coverage of a shoreline is considered?
Broken
46
91-100% coverage of a shoreline is considered ?
Continuous
47
What percentage of a NOV issued to an individual compared to commercial?
50% NOV User Guide
48
What is the maximum amount of discharged oil than an NOV can be written for?
1,000 gallons NOV User Guide
49
An FOSCR can take over _______ of a response?
All aspects
50
What does the S in S.M.A.R.T. stand for?
Specific
51
What is the purpose of a fitness plan?
develop and adhere to regular exercise program
52
Who coordinates OCS selection panels?
ESO The Command will coordinate for reserve or temporary commision
53
DHS has ____ authorities/roles?
7
54
CG took over port security authority from this act?
Espionage Act
55
When did the Petty Officer Rate become official?
1808
56
What year did rate insignia begin?
1841
57
Which cutter grounded on Long Island and continued to fight the british by pulling their cannons up a hill?
Eagle
58
The Navy was founded in?
1798
59
On May 28, 1798, Congress authorized the capture of armed French vessels hovering off the U.S. coast, initiating an undeclared war with the France?
Quasi-War 1798-1799
60
1. The cutter Pickering captured 10 prizes, one of which carried 44 guns and 200 men, three times her own force in this War?
Quasi-War
61
the Eagle, recaptured the American vessels Nancy and Mehitable in a memorable fight in 1799 with the French privateer, Revenge in this war?
Quasi-War
62
The Coast Guard’s role of augmenting the Navy with shallow-draft craft began in which war?
The War of 1812
63
The Cutter Jefferson captured the first prize of this war?
War of 1812
64
1. One of the most hotly contested battles was between the cutter Surveyor and the British frigate Narcissis. The Surveyor was eventually captured, but the British captain praised the gallantry of the American crew in this war?
War of 1812
65
Steamboats were first used to augment the Navy in this war?
Mexican-American War, May 13, 1846
66
The Harriet Lane is credited with firing the first naval shots of the_______?
Civil War 1861-1865
67
Spain declared war on the U.S. on April 24, 1898, a consequence of our intervention in the Spain/Cuba crisis. This war is known as the ___________
Spanish-American War
68
The Coast Guard was transferred to the Navy during this war?
World War I 1914-1918 U.S. Entered in 1917
69
_______ was torpedoed by a German submarine and all of the crew killed in World War I.
CGC Tampa
70
The cutter Northland took the Norwegian trawler Boskoe into “protective custody” and captured three German radiomen ashore in this war?
World War II 1939-1945 : U.S. entered in 1941
71
The Coast Guard was given responsibility for cold-weather operations in Greenland during which war?
World War II
72
1. One of our first successful attacks involved the 165-foot cutter Icarus. Using depth charges, the Icarus forced the surfacing of a German submarine. With just a 3-inch deck gun, the submarine was forced to surrender in this war?
World War II
73
The CGC Campbell sank an enemy submarine by ramming it, causing severe damage to the Campbell in this war?
World War II
74
Who earned the Medal of Honor for his actions at Guadalcanal on September 27, 1942, during World War II?
Douglas Munro
75
The Coast Guards role was primarily one of support during which war?
Korean War 1950-1953
76
The Coast Guard was also an effective force in the Vietnam Conflict (1965–1970), performing duties uniquely suited to its specialized skills.
.
77
When did Desert Shield/Desert Storm take place?
1990-1991
78
In 1918, Twin sisters _______ __________ of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve become the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard. (SPAR)
Genevieve and Lucille Baker
79
In 1945, The first five African-American females enter the SPARs (Semper Paratus Always Ready Women’s Reserve). What were their names?
- Olivia Hooker
- D. Winifred Byrd
- Julia Mosley
- Yvonne Cumberbatch
- Aileen Cooke
80
On November 1, 1958, _________________ becomes the first Coast Guard E-9.
Master Chief Yeoman Jack Kerwin
81
Who is the author of Roots and The Autobiography of Malcolm X, and is a recipient of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. He continued to be an active supporter of the Coast Guard until his death in 1992.
Alex P. Haley, Chief Journalist
82
Master Chief Yeoman ______ becomes the first SPAR E9
Pearl Faurie
83
On August 1st, 1969, ___________ was instated as the First Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard (E-10)
BMCM Charles L. Calhoun
84
1972 The first women’s Reserve Enlisted Basic Indoctrination classes are established. Which four ratings are available to women?
- Yeoman
- Storekeeper
- Radioman
- Hospital Corpsman
85
In what year did:
- Legislation ends Women’s Reserve
- Women are integrated into active duty and Coast Guard Reserve.
- Women are admitted to Officer Candidate School for the first time.
- Combat exclusion for women ends.
- The first SPAR to be sworn into the regular Coast Guard is Alice Jefferson.
1973
86
All officer career fields and enlisted ratings were opened to women in this year?
1978
87
In January, 1987, ______________ retires from the USCG. He served on active duty for 44 years, four months, and 27 days. His career spans three wars, and sees service on board 34 vessels.
BMCM Donald H. Horsley
88
The first enlisted woman to be assigned to Officer-in-Charge afloat billet was?
Dianne Bucci, 1988
89
She was the first African-American female and first female engineer to advance to E-7?
Pamela Autry, 1988
90
She was the first Asian-American female to be appointed a Warrant Officer?
Grace Parmalee, 1988
91
The first 10 cutters of the Cutter Revenue Service were?
Vigilant, Active, General Green, Massachusetts, Scammel, Argus, Virginia, Diligence, South Carolina, and Eagle
92
The revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life Saving Service merged on
January 28, 1915
93
___________ is the only individual to have won both the Medal of Honor and the Gold Lifesaving Medal.
Marcus Hanna
94
__________ was a two-time winner of the Gold Lifesaving Medal
Surfman Frederick Hatch
95
Credited with saving more than 600 lives, he earned two gold medals, three silver, and other awards during his long and distinguished career.
Joshua James
96
Official keeper of the Lime Rock Light Station?
Ida Lewis
97
This man single-handedly rescued ten people from the grounded ship, Priscilla, on August 18, 1899.
Rasmus S. Midgett
98
Petty Officer (later Commander) ____________ received the Navy Cross for his actions at the Matanikau River on Guadalcanal, on September 27, 1942. Along with Douglas Munro, he provided covering fire for and evacuated elements of the 1st Battalion, 7th Marines.
Raymond J. Evans
99
This man was awarded the Bronze Star for his heroic actions as a crew member aboard the CGC Point Welcome?
BMC Richard Patterson
100
A response plan must be in compliance with the ACP (Area Contingency Plan) for how long prior to being submitted to the CG for review?
6 months, 33CFR154.1065
101
A case status is changed to _______ when submitted to the hearing office?
"Open - In Progress" - (Civil Penalty User Guide)
102
Who certifies the VCS (Vapor Control System)?
Certifying Entity, 33CFR154.804
103
What part of a cargo transfer pump is allowed to leak?
33CFR156.120
(p) All connections in the transfer system are leak free except that a component in the transfer system, such as the packing glands of a pump, may leak at a rate that does not exceed the capacity of the discharge containment provided during the transfer operation;
104
A TSI is reported to ________.
The COTP
105
A Breach of Security is reported to _______.
The NRC
106
What must be submitted along with the Water Sustainability Assessment (WSA)?
Letter of Intent 33CFR127.007
Must be submitted either 1 year prior to construction of a new facility or 1 year prior to conducting transfer operations.
107
Pressure gauges must be within what percentage?
33CFR127.1407
(c) The operator shall conduct a test of each pressure gauge, to ensure that the displayed pressure is within 10 percent of the actual pressure, at least once each calendar year, with intervals between tests not exceeding 15 months.
108
Facility owned response equipment must be deployed how often?
33CFR154.1055
Semi-Annually
109
What vacuum pressure must a vapor hose withstand without collapsing?
33CFR154.810
2psi
Color Scheme Red Yellow Red
110
What is the penalty multiplied by when at MARSEC level 2 and 3?
NOV User Guide
MARSEC 2 x 1.5
MARSEC 3 x 2
111
What is the preferred method of delivery for LOW?
MSM
| hand delivered
112
Substantial and Significant and Substantial harm facilities must have what type of plan?
Response Plan
113
What does a NOFA stand for?
Notice of Federal Assumption
114
What is the Max NOV amount?
NOV User Guide
| $11,000
115
What type of shoreline do turtles and birds nest in?
Fine Grain Sand - NOAA Characteristics of Coastal Habitats
116
What shoreline has >30deg incline and may include an intertidal zone?
Exposed Rocky Shores - NOAA Characteristics of Coastal Habitats
117
Two tugs are pulling the end of a boom upstream. What configuration is this?
U tow
118
What is the size limits for tarballs?
10 cm is a Tar Patty
119
Back hoes, dozers, and scrapers are what type of response equipment?
Mechanical
120
An oil sample custodian must be?
Trained and designated
121
What size vessel requires an IOPP?
Tank-ships 150 GT and above, All other vessels 400 GT and above.
122
What size vessel requires 2 radars?
3,000GT and upwards
SOLAS 09 V/19.2.7
125
What is the diameter of the Plimsoll and width of the marking?
12 inches in diameter
1 inch width
126
What is the maximum height for the coaming of offshore tank barges?
8 inches
127
What are the minimum number of windows on the bridge that must have a clear view in all weather conditions?
2
128
What type of air mass covers a large area and forms over land?
Continental
129
When a cold front comes through, the precipitation comes through before or after?
After
130
When did DOT become part of DHS?
March 1, 2003
131
When is single hearing protection required?
Noise >85 decibels.
132
When is double hearing protection required?
Noise >105 decibels
133
What rank is an O-9?
Lieutenant General
| B-M-L-G
134
eNOA are filed with?
NVMC
135
Steering gear tests must be performed how long prior to entering port?
12 hours
33CFR164.25
136
What is the most important document when submitting oil samples?
Chain of Custody
The Letter of Request (LOR) is also submitted.
137
QI notifications are conducted ?
Quarterly
138
Who approves alternate security programs?
Commandant
139
NTV response plans are required for vessels of what size?
400GT and upwards
140
Response plans are valid for?
5 years and must be reviewed every 5 years
141
Maritime masses are formed over?
Water
142
Winds for a Tropical Depression?
23-38mph
143
Winds for a tropical storm?
39-73mph
144
Winds for a hurricane?
74mph and up
145
What type of front
---------v---v---v---v--v--v-----
Cold Front
146
What type of front
---u---u----u---u
Warm Front
147
ORM
7 steps
1. Define Mission/Tasks
2. Identify the Hazards
3. Assess the Risk
4. Identify Options
5. Evaluate Risk vs. Gain
6. Execute the Decision
7. Monitor the Situation
148
Message Precedence
– Flash (Z)—As fast as possible with a goal of 10 minutes.
– Immediate (O)—30 minutes
– Priority (P)—3 hours
– Routine (R)—6 hours
149
Approved Characters
:
'
,
(
"
/
-
.
150
Reserve approved duty days
Coast Guard SELRES members are generally authorized 48 paid Inactive Duty Training (IDT) drills and at least 12 paid Active Duty for Training (ADT) days per fiscal year.
151
A unit is required to have a Human Relations Council when?
Establish a Human Relations Council at units of 50 or more full-time personnel
152
Romantic relationships are allowed when how many people are stationed at a unit.
60
153
Who has the authority to frock?
Section 632, Title 14, U.S. Code, gives the Commandant authority to frock Coast Guard enlisted personnel.
154
What is the maximum size for brands?
4 inches x4 inches
154
Steps for Awards?
1. Gather performance data on the Coast Guard member
2. Develop a performance bullet
3. Decide on the level of award
4. Draft the citation
5. Edit the citation
6. Complete CG1650.pdf
7. Submit the award package.
155
Oil tankers and offshore oil barges of 400' or more need supplies for the containment and removal of at least __ barrels for spills?
33 CFR 155.205(A)
12 BARRELS
155
What is DPRI
Directives, Publications, and Reports Index (DPRI),
is a listing of publications in use by the Coast Guard.
156
Oil tankers and offshore oil barges of less than 400' feet in length must have containment and removal supplies for atleast __ barrels for spills?
33 CFR 155.210(A)
7 BARRELS
157
What type of discharge is used for recruits in boot camp?
Uncharacterized discharge is used for members with less than 180 days of service.
158
Pooled Oil
> 1 cm thick
159
"Cover" oil thickness
> 0.1 cm to
160
Stain oil thickness
Cant be scrapped of with a fingernail.
161
Oil coverages
Continuous 91-100%
Broken 51-90%
Patchy 11-50%
Sporadic 1-10%
(CBPS)
162
Exposed Rocky Shores
Description
• The intertidal zone is steep (>30° slope) and narrow with very little width.
• Sediment accumulations are uncommon because waves remove debris that has slumped from the eroding cliffs.
• There is strong vertical zonation of intertidal biological communities.
• Species density and diversity vary greatly, but barnacles, snails, mussels, polychaetes, and macroalgae can be abundant.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil is held offshore by waves reflecting off the steep, hard surfaces.
• Any oil that is deposited is rapidly removed from exposed faces.
• The most resistant oil would remain as a patchy band at or above the high-tide line.
• Impacts to intertidal communities are expected to be short-term. An exception would be where heavy concentrations of a light refined product came ashore very quickly.
Response Considerations
• Cleanup is usually not required.
• Access can be difficult and dangerous.
163
Exposed Rocky Platforms
Description
• These shores consist of a bedrock shelf or platform of variable width and very gentle slope.
• The surface of the platform is irregular; tide pools are common.
• Along headlands, they have only small accumulation of sediments, mostly at the high-tide line.
• They often co-occur with gravel beaches; the gravel beach can be either at the upper or the lower half of the intertidal zone, depending on the nature of the bedrock outcrop.
• Species density and diversity vary greatly, but barnacles, snails, mussels, and macroalgae are often abundant.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil will not adhere to the wet rock surface, but could penetrate crevices or sediment veneers.
• Oil persistence is usually short-term, except in wave shadows or where the oil was deposited high above normal wave activity.
Response Considerations
• Cleanup is usually not required.
• Where the high-tide area is accessible, it may be feasible to manually remove heavy oil accumulations and oiled debris.
164
Fine Grain Beaches
Description
• These beaches are flat to moderately sloping and relatively hard-packed.
• There can be heavy accumulations of wrack.
• They can be important areas for nesting by birds and turtles.
• Upper beach fauna include ghost crabs and amphipods; lower beach fauna can be moderate, but highly variable.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Light oil accumulations will be deposited as oily swashes or bands along the upper intertidal zone.
• Heavy oil accumulations will cover the entire beach surface; oil will be lifted off the lower beach with the rising tide.
• Maximum penetration of oil into fine- to medium-grained sand is about 10-15 cm, up to 25 cm in coarse-grained sand.
• Burial of oiled layers by clean sand can be rapid (within one day), and burial to depths as much as one meter is possible if the oil comes ashore at the beginning of a depositional period.
• Organisms living in the beach sediment may be killed by smothering or lethal oil concentrations in the interstitial water.
• Biological impacts include temporary declines in infauna, which can affect important shorebird foraging areas.
Response Considerations
• These beaches are among the easiest shoreline types to clean.
• Cleanup should concentrate on removing oil and oily debris from the upper swash zone once most of the oil has come ashore.
• Manual cleanup, rather than road graders and front-end loaders, is advised to minimize volume of sand removed from the shore and requiring disposal.
• All efforts should focus on preventing vehicular and foot traffic from mixing oil deeper into the sediments.
• Mechanical reworking of lightly oiled sediments from the high-tide line to the middle intertidal zone can be effective along exposed beaches.
165
Sand and Gravel Beaches
Description
• Because of the mixed sediment sizes on these moderately sloping beaches, there may be zones of pure sand, pebbles, or cobbles.
• There can be large-scale changes in the sediment distribution patterns depending upon season, because of the transport of the sand
fraction offshore during storms.
• Desiccation and sediment mobility on exposed beaches cause low densities of attached animals and plants.
• The presence of attached algae, mussels, and barnacles indicates beaches that are relatively sheltered, with the more stable substrate sup- porting a richer biota.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• During small spills, oil will be deposited along and above the high-tide swash.
• Large spills will spread across the entire intertidal area.
• Oil penetration into the beach sediments may be up to 50 cm; however, the sand fraction can be quite mobile, and oil behavior is much like on a sand beach if the sand fraction exceeds about 40 percent.
• Burial of oil may be deep at and above the high-tide line, where oil tends to persist, particularly where beaches are only intermittently exposed to waves.
• In sheltered pockets on the beach, pavements of asphalted sediments can form if oil accumulations are not removed, because most of the oil remains on the surface.
Response Considerations
• Remove heavy accumulations of pooled oil from the upper beachface.
• All oiled debris should be removed; sediment removal should be limited as much as possible.
• Low-pressure flushing can be used to float oil away from the sediments for recovery by skimmers or sorbents. High-pressure spraying should be avoided because of potential for transporting contaminated finer sediments (sand) to the lower intertidal or subtidal zones.
• Mechanical reworking of oiled sediments from the high-tide zone to the middle intertidal zone can be effective in areas regularly exposed to wave activity. However, oiled sediments should not be relocated below the mid-tide zone.
• In-place tilling may be used to reach deeply buried oil layers in the mid-tide zone on exposed beaches.
166
Gravel Beaches
Description
• Gravel beaches can be very steep, with multiple wave-built berms forming the upper beach.
• The degree of exposure to wave energy can be highly variable among gravel beaches.
• Density of animals and plants in the upper intertidal zone is low on exposed beaches, but can be high on sheltered gravel beaches and on the lower intertidal zone of all beaches.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Stranded oil is likely to penetrate deeply into gravel beaches because of their high permeability.
• Rapid burial can occur at the high-tide and storm berms.
• Long-term persistence will be controlled by the depth of routine reworking by the waves.
• On exposed beaches, oil can be pushed over the high-tide berms, pooling and persisting above the normal influence of wave washing.
• Along sheltered portions of the shorelines, chronic sheening and the formation of asphalt pavements is likely where accumulations are heavy.
Response Considerations
• Heavy accumulations of pooled oil should be removed quickly from the upper beach.
• All oiled debris should be removed.
• Sediment removal should be limited as much as possible.
• Low- to high-pressure flushing can be effective if all released oil is recovered with skimmers or sorbents.
• Mechanical reworking of oiled sediments from the high-tide line to the mid beachface can be effective in areas regularly exposed to wave activity; the presence of multiple storm berms is evidence of wave activity. However, oiled sediments should not be relocated below the mid-tide zone.
• In-place tilling may be used to reach deeply buried oil layers along the mid-tide zone on exposed beaches.
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Riprap
Description
• Riprap structures are composed of cobble- to boulder-sized blocks of granite, limestone, concrete, or other materials.
• Riprap structures are used as revetments and groins for shoreline protection, and as breakwaters and jetties around inlets and marinas.
• Attached biota are generally sparse at the upper intertidal zone, but more common in the lower intertidal zone.
• They are common in highly developed waterfront areas.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Deep penetration of oil between the blocks is likely, with oiling of associated debris.
• Oil adheres readily to the rough surfaces of the blocks.
• Uncleaned oil and debris can cause chronic leaching until the oil hardens.
Response Considerations
• When the oil is fresh and liquid, high pressure spraying and/or water flooding may be effective if all liberated oil is recovered.
• Heavy and weathered oils are more difficult to remove, requiring manual scraping and/or high-pressure, hot-water flushing.
• Removal of oiled debris deep in the crevices will be difficult.
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Exposed Tidal Flats
Description
• Exposed tidal flats are broad intertidal areas composed primarily of sand and minor amounts of gravel or mud.
• The presence of sand indicates that tidal currents and waves are strong enough to mobilize the sediments.
• They are usually associated with another shoreline type on the landward side of the flat, though they can occur as separate shoals; they are commonly associated with tidal inlets.
• The sediments are water saturated, with only the topographically higher ridges drying out during low tide.
• Biological use can be very high, with large numbers of infauna, heavy use by birds for roosting and foraging, and use by foraging fish.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of exposed tidal flats, but rather moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide line.
• Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are heavy.
• Oil does not penetrate water-saturated sediments, but may penetrate coarse-grained sand and coat gravel.
• Biological damage may be severe, primarily to infauna, thereby reducing food sources for birds and other predators.
Response Considerations
• Currents and waves can be very effective in natural removal of the oil.
• Cleanup can be done only during low tide, thus there is a narrow window of opportunity.
• The use of heavy machinery should be restricted to prevent oil mixing into the sediments.
• Manual removal methods are preferred.
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Sheltered Rocky Shores
Description
• Sheltered rocky shores are characterized by a rocky substrate that can vary widely in permeability. Of particular concern are rocky shores that have a semi-permeable veneer of angular rubble overlying the bedrock.
• Sheltered clay scarps are characterized by a steep, usually vertical scarp in hard-packed and stiff clay. Vegetation usually occurs landward of the scarp.
Predicted oil behavior
• Oil will adhere readily to dry, rough, rocky surfaces, particularly at the high-tide line, forming a distinct oil band.
• The lower intertidal zone of rocky shores is usually algae-covered and stays wet, preventing oil from adhering.
• Oil will not adhere to the wet clay sediment surface, but could penetrate dry sediment.
• Stranded oil will persist because of the low-energy setting.
Response Considerations
• Low-pressure flushing of rocky shores at ambient temperatures is most effective when the oil is fresh and still liquid.
• Extreme care must be taken during flushing operations in the upper intertidal zone to prevent oily effluents from impacting biologically rich lower tidal levels.
• Do not cut oiled, attached algae; use sorbents to recover oil as it is remobilized by tidal action.
• Where the high-water area of scarps is accessible, it might be feasible to manually remove heavy oil accumulations and oiled debris.
• The muddy substrate of scarps cannot support heavy equipment, and even foot traffic could disrupt the sediments and mix oil deeper.
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Sheltered Man-Made Structures
Description
• These are structures such as seawalls, groins, revetments, piers, and port facilities, constructed of concrete, wood, or metal.
• Most structures are designed to protect a single lot, thus their composition, design, and condition are highly variable.
• Often there is no exposed beach at low tide, but multiple habitats may be present.
• There can be dense attachments of animal and plant life.
• They are common in developed waterfront areas.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil will adhere readily to the rough surface, particularly along the high-tide line, forming a distinct oil band.
• The lower intertidal zone usually stays wet (particularly if algae-covered), preventing oil from adhering to the surface.
Response Considerations
• Seawalls are usually cleaned for aesthetic reasons or to prevent leaching of oil.
• Low- to high-pressure spraying at ambient water temperatures is most effective when the oil is fresh.
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Sheltered Tidal Flats
Description
• Sheltered tidal flats are composed primarily of mud with minor amounts of sand and shell.
• They are usually present in calm-water habitats, sheltered from major wave activity, and frequently backed by marshes.
• The sediments are very soft and cannot support even light foot traffic in many areas.
• There can be large concentrations of bivalves, worms, and other invertebrates in the sediments.
• They are heavily used by birds for feeding.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of sheltered tidal flats, but rather moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide line.
• Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are heavy.
• Oil will not penetrate the water-saturated sediments, but could penetrate burrows and desiccation cracks or other crevices in muddy sedi- ments.
• In areas of high suspended sediment concentrations, the oil and sediments could mix, resulting in the deposition of contaminated sedi- ments on the flats.
• Biological impacts may be severe.
Response Considerations
• These are high-priority areas for protection since cleanup options are limited.
• Cleanup of the flat surface is very difficult because of the soft substrate; many methods may be restricted.
• Low-pressure flushing, vacuum, and deployment of sorbents from shallow-draft boats may be attempted.
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Marshes
Description
• Intertidal wetlands contain emergent, herbaceous vegetation, including both tidal and muted tidal marshes. Depending on location and interannual variations in rainfall and runoff, associated vegetation may include species tolerant or adapted to salt, brackish, or even tidal freshwater conditions.
• The marsh width may vary from a narrow fringe to extensive areas.
• Sediments are composed of organic muds except where sand is abundant on the margins of exposed areas.
• Exposed areas are located along bays with wide fetches and along heavily trafficked waterways.
• Sheltered areas are not exposed to significant wave or boat wake activity.
• Abundant resident flora and fauna with numerous species and high use by birds, fish, and shellfish.
Predicted Oil Behavior
• Oil adheres readily to intertidal vegetation.
• The band of coating will vary widely, depending upon the water level at the time of oiling.
• Large slicks will persist through multiple tidal cycles and will coat the entire stem from the high-tide line to the base.
• Heavy oil coating will be restricted to the outer fringe of thick vegetation, although lighter oils can penetrate deeper, to the limit of tidal influence.
• Medium to heavy oils do not readily adhere to or penetrate the fine sediments, but can pool on the surface or in animal burrows and root cavities.
• Light oils can penetrate the top few centimeters of sediment; under some circumstances oil can penetrate burrows and cracks up to one meter.
Response Considerations
• Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally.
• Natural removal processes and rates should be evaluated before conducting cleanup.
• Heavily pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sorbents, or low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore.
• Cleanup activities should be carefully supervised to avoid damaging vegetation.
• Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments. Trampling of the plants and disturbance of soft sediments must be minimized.
• Aggressive cleanup methods should only be considered when other resources (migratory birds, endangered species) are at greater risk from oiled vegetation left in place.
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Spring Tide
The very highest and very lowest
174
Neap Tide
Tidal Range is at its smallest
175
Diurnal Tide
1 high, 1 low tide
176
Semi-Diurnal Tide
2 high, 2 low tides
177
Lifeboat thwarts and side seats shall be fitted ______________.
as low in the lifeboat as practicable
SOLAS 60 5/A.i
178
Life boat equipment
2 plugs for each plug hole attached by lanyards or chains
sails (colored orange)
Solas 60 3/11
179
Assigned load line positioning
```
TF
F
T
S - CENTER OF PLIMSOLL
W
WNA
```
180
No lifeboat may exceed ____ tons when fully laden
20 tons
Solas 60 3/5.c
181
Which Rating was created due to Alex Haley?
PA - Public Affairs Specialist
