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Physiology Test Two > sympathetic nervous system > Flashcards

sympathetic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a synapse?

A

Where two groups of neurons are linked together

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2
Q

A collection of synapses is referred to as a?

A

ganglion

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3
Q

Neurons that emerge from the CNS form the ?

A

Preganglionic fiber

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4
Q

Neurons that travel from the ganglion to the internal organ for the?

A

postganglionic nerve fiber

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5
Q

what is the autonomic ganglion?

A

the collection of synapses between the preganglionic and the postganglionic fibers

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6
Q

The SNS increases the activity of certain organs why?

A

to allow for greater expenditure of energy for both physical and mental exertion

***for example sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate and the force of myocardial contraction***

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7
Q

The PSNS division is more active during periods of?

A

rest and restoration of body energy stores

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8
Q

The PSNS increases which body functions?

A

digestion and elimination of waste products

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9
Q

The SNS and PSNS release which neurotransmitter from the preganglionic neuron?

A

acetylcholine

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10
Q

What gives the SNS and PSNS their unique functionalities?

A

they release different neurotransmitters from their postganglionic neurons

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11
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that is released at the postganglionic nerve endings of the PSNS?

A

acetylcholine

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12
Q

The PSNS postganglionic nerve endings are called what and why?

A

Chloinergic or muscarinic, because they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

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13
Q

The SNS postganglionic nerve endings release what neurotransmitter?

A

norephinephrine

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14
Q

the primary function of the nervous system is to?

A

control and coordinate the activity of all the systems within our body

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15
Q

the SNS postganglionic nerve endings are known are known as what and why?

A

adrenergic, because they release norepinephrine

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16
Q

The nervous system is divided into what two systems?

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

The CNS has what structures within it?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two systems?

A

the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

The somatic nervous system is also called the?

A

voluntary nervous system

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20
Q

The somatic nervous system is responsible for what?

A

conscious control of skeletal muscles

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21
Q

The autonomic nervous system regulates what?

A

involuntary activities of the internal organs and glands

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22
Q

The autonomic nervous system is broken into what two systems?

A

the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

The ANS is composed of what?

A

nerves that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle

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24
Q

The smooth and cardiac muscle (involuntary muscle) are found in the walls of our internal organs and glands and possess a special property called?

A

autorhythmicity

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25
Q

Autorhythmicity allow smooth and cardiac muscles to initate their own what?

A

contractions

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26
Q

if internal organs can initate their own contractions why is the ANS even needed? What is the primary function of the ANS?

A

regulate the rate at which these organs are working either by increasing or decreasing their activity to maintain homeostasis.

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27
Q

The body maintains homeostasis by balancing what two systems?

A

SNS and PSNS

**the general plan is that one division is responsible for increasing the activity of a particular organ while the other division decreases the activity of that same organ; however this isn’t a precise science and so this doesn’t always hold 100% true

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28
Q

the effects of the PSNS are produced by the release of _______ which binds to the ________ or _______ receptors.

A

acetylcholine

cholinergic or muscarinic receptors

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29
Q

the effects of the SNS stimulation are produced by the release of ______ from _______ nerve endings and by ______ which is released from the adrenal medulla.

A

norepinephrine

adrenergic nerve endings

epinephrine

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30
Q

Both norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to and stimulate _____ receptors.

A

adrenergic

31
Q

The adrenergic receptors are divided into two types of receptors, which are?

A

alpha and beta receptors

32
Q

The adrenergic receptors are further subdivided what receptors?

A

Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 receptors

33
Q

The beta receptors are further subdivided into what receptors?

A

Beta 1 and 2 receptors

34
Q

although some organs contain more than one type of receptor, one receptor usually does what?

A

predominates and determines the overall response of the organ

35
Q

_______ is taken up into the nerve ending and is enzymatically converted to DOPA.

A

typrosine

36
Q

DOPA is then converted into ___________.

A

dopamine

37
Q

Dopamine enters storage vesicles where it is stored as _______ until it is needed to be released later.

A

norepinephrine

38
Q

Upon adrenergic stimulation, ________ is released from the adrenergic nerve ending into the _______ ______.

A

norepinephrine

synaptic cleft

39
Q

Once norepinephrine is released from the adrenergic nerve ending into the synaptic cleft, it can stimulate different receptors such as? where are they located ? and what happens?

A

Alpha 2 receptors, located in the postganglioninc neuron, inhibiting further release of norepinephrine.

Alpha 1 receptors, located on the effector organ, stimulating a contraction of smooth muscle response

Beta 1 receptors, located on the effortor organ, stimulating a cardiac response

40
Q

Norephinephrine can undergo it reuptake which means what? or if the norephinephrine is not reuptaked what can happen to it?

A

the norephinephrine can go back into the nerve ending where it can be restored in the vesicles (where it is stored when it is converted from dopamine to norephineprhine)

IT CAN BE METABOLIZED VIA MONOAMINE OXIDASE (MAO) INTO INACTIVE METABOLITES

41
Q

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors are found predominantly on what?

A

smooth muscle membranes of arteries, veins, and sphincters of the urinary and gastrointestinal tract

42
Q

When the alpha 1 receptors are stimulated by norephinerine what happens?

A

smooth muscle contraction

43
Q

So Alpha 1 receptors stimulated would cause what to happen to the BP, cardiac contractility, and pupils?

A

increase in BP

increase in myocardial contraction of the heart

pupillary dilation of the eye

44
Q

alpha one receptor stimulation would do what to the bladder and prostate?

A

relax the bladder

contract the prostate

45
Q

simulation of alpha 1 receptors is going to lead to vasconstriction of blood vessels, which will divert blood away from the organs that are not involved in the fight or flight reaction such as the? which will do what for the heart and skeletal muscles?

A

GI tract and urinary tract

provide more blood for the heart and skeletal muscle

46
Q
A
47
Q

alpha 1 receptor stimulation can do what to blood pressure?

A

increase it by contraction of smooth muscle

48
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are located where?

A

on the adrenergic nerve endings/postganglionic nerve fiber

49
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic receptors are activated by what? causing what to happen?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

causing a negative feedback mechanism that reduces and regulates the release of additional norepinephrine

50
Q

So alpha 2 receptors are going to have opposite effects of what receptors?causing what to happen?

A

alpha 1 receptors

causing a decrease in blood pressure because the reduction of norephinephrine, because their will be a reduced smooth muscle contraction.

51
Q

if alpha 2 receptors are stimulated what does this mean for the GI tract and why?

A

decrease in GI tone and motility, due to reduced smooth muscle contraction because of decreased norephinerine

52
Q

beta 1 adrenergic receptors are found in what types of muscle?

A

in the cardiac and smooth muscle membranes

53
Q

in the heart, the predominant beta receptors are classified as what?

A

Beta 1 receptors

54
Q

beta 1 receptors are primarily located in what organs?

A

heart and kidneys

55
Q

Beta 1 receptor stimulation in the kidneys causes what?

A

the activation of the RAAS system causing the increase in blood pressure

56
Q

The activation of beta 1 receptors in the heart would cause what?

A

increase heart contraction and thereby increasing the heart rate

57
Q

Beta 1 receptors can be caused by stimulated by what neurotransmitters which are?

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

58
Q

The activation of Beta 2 receptors does what to the GI tract?

A

decreases GI tone and motility.

59
Q

beta 2 receptors are predominantly located in which muscles?

A

smooth muscle of our coronary and skeletal muscle blood vessels and located within our bronchiolar smooth muscles.

60
Q
A
61
Q

Where in the body is the Beta 2 receptors highly concentrated?

A

the lungs

62
Q

if the Beta 2 receptors are activated what will happen in the lungs?

A

bronchodilation

63
Q

Beta 2 receptors are located in what organs?

A

GI TRACT

LUNGS

UTERUS

LIVER

64
Q

if the beta 2 receptor is stimulated what will happen in the uterus?

A

relax uterine smooth muscle

65
Q

if the beta 2 receptor is stimulated what will happen with the liver?

A

activation of glycogenolysis causing increased blood sugar

66
Q

the beta 2 receptors are stimulated by _____________, they produce what effects?

A

epinephrine

vasodilation and bronchodilation

67
Q

how does beta 2 adrenergic receptors increase blood flow to skeletal muscle in the heart? this does what to the oxygen delivery?

A

through vasodilation

increasing oxygen delivery to the lungs through bronchodilation

68
Q

The activation of beta 2 receptors leads to the conversion of _____ to _____ by adenylyl cyclase and a downstream inhibition of intracellular ______ release and subsequent bronchial smooth muscle relaxation.

A

ATP to cAMP

calcium

69
Q

what neurotransmitter stimulates beta 2 receptors?

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine does not stimulate beta-2 receptors.

70
Q
A
71
Q
A
72
Q
A
73
Q
A

Physiology Test Two (3 decks)

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