Syntax

Question 1

syntax

Answer 1

rules are concerned with the structure of sentences

Question 2

linguistics grammar

Answer 2

to the complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic information and rules that speakers of a given language possess

Question 3

scientific meaning of grammar

Answer 3

simply refers to a special kind of book

Question 4

structure

Answer 4

organised … combination of mutually connected and dependent parts or elements

Question 5

constituents [ ]

Answer 5

may sometimes consist of only one word, analogy to structural units in phonology and morphology

Question 6

phrases

Answer 6

may sometimes consist of only one word, more syntax-specific terminology

Question 7

pronominalisation

Answer 7

is the substitution of a constituent by a

pronoun

Question 8

pro-form

Answer 8

use it interchangeably with the established term pronoun, keeping in mind that a ‘pro-noun’ is actually a pro-phrase

Question 9

movement

Answer 9

a string of words can be moved to other sentential positions, it is proof of the string’s being a constituent.

Question 10

coordination test

Answer 10

according to which it is only constituents that can be coordinated by the coordinating conjunction and.

Question 11

gapping

Answer 11

fourth kind of test, which works with certain types of phrases

Question 12

structural ambiguity

Answer 12

different interpretations arise through different sentence structures assigned to the same strings of words

Question 13

head

Answer 13

most important element of a phrase

Question 14

noun phrases (NP)

Answer 14

phrases headed by nouns

Question 15

prepositional phrases (PP)

Answer 15

phrases headed by prepositions

Question 16

adjective phrases (AP)

Answer 16

phrases headed by adjectives

Question 17

verb phrases (VP)

Answer 17

phrases headed by verbs

Question 18

adverb phrases

Answer 18

phrases headed by adverbs

Question 19

word-classes

Answer 19

three types of criteria that are used to find out about the word-class of a given word: semantic, morphological, and syntactic.

Question 20

syntactic categories

Answer 20

s a type of syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume

Question 21

parts-of-speech

Answer 21

is a category of words that have similar grammatical properties.

Question 22

lexical categories

Answer 22

noun, verb, adjective, adverb and preposition

Question 23

determiners

Answer 23

a larger class; may not only occur in slot 1 of an NP, but also as words replacing a whole phrase

Question 24

phrase structure rules

Answer 24

(34) S → NP VP
NP → (D) (AP) N (PP)
PP → P NP
VP → V (NP) (PP)
AP → (ADV) A
ADVP  →  (ADV) ADV

Question 25

subordinate clauses

Answer 25

sentences inside other sentences

Question 26

structural ambiguity

Answer 26

different interpretations arise through different sentence structures assigned to the same strings of words

Question 27

semantic

Answer 27

the head is semantically the most important element

Question 28

the same distribution

Answer 28

means that in all sentential positions where we can find a given phrase.

Question 29

clause

Answer 29

a syntactic unit that consists minimally of a verb phrase and its subject.

Question 30

Sentences

Answer 30

defined as the largest syntactic units and they are made up of one or more clauses

Question 31

main clause

Answer 31

which refers to clauses that can stand on their own

Question 32

subjects

Answer 32

represent the entity which the sentence is about, or to represent the ‘doer of the action

Question 33

objects (direct object)

Answer 33

the entities that are affected by the action denoted by the verb

Question 34

Adverbials

Answer 34

constituents that are said to give the circumstances of the event denoted by the rest of the sentence such as time, place, manner, reason, etc.).

Question 35

predicate

Answer 35

Old: refers to everything in a sentence apart from the subject New: refer to auxiliary and main verbs in a sentence

Question 36

subject-verb agreement

Answer 36

a syntactic process which requires subject and verb to share the same person and number features

Question 37

case forms

Answer 37

forms that mark the grammatical function of noun phrases in a sentence or phrase

Question 38

transitive verbs

Answer 38

Verbs that need an object

Question 39

intransitive verbs

Answer 39

verbs that cannot take an object (e.g. sleep, laugh)

Question 40

ditransitive

Answer 40

verbs that can take two objects, like give, or show

Question 41

indirect object (the goal)

Answer 41

the recipient or the beneficiary of the event denoted by the verb