syntaxxx Flashcards by tana ballova

Q

What is Coordination?

A

Coordination combines two or more grammatically equal ideas or clauses. Neither idea is more important than the other; they stand independently.

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Q

What are the markers of Coordination?

A

Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Semicolon (;)
Semicolon + Conjunctive Adverb + Comma

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Q

Provide an example of Coordination using a coordinating conjunction.

A

She studied hard, and she passed the exam.

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Q

What is Subordination?

A

Subordination combines two ideas where one idea (the dependent/subordinate clause) is grammatically less important or relies on the other (the independent/main clause) for its full meaning.

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Q

What are the markers of Subordination?

A

Subordinating Conjunctions: because, although, when, if, since, while, unless, after, before, until, as, where, so that, in order that
Relative Pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
Relative Adverbs: where, when, why

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Q

Provide an example of Subordination using a subordinating conjunction.

A

Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.

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Q

What is Hypotaxis?

A

A stylistic term referring to a writing style characterized by the extensive use of subordination, creating complex sentences with clear hierarchical relationships between ideas.

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Q

What are the characteristics of Hypotaxis?

A

Formal
Analytical
Dense
Precise

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Q

What is Parataxis?

A

A stylistic term referring to a writing style characterized by the juxtaposition of clauses or ideas without explicit grammatical subordination.

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Q

What are the characteristics of Parataxis?

A

Informal
Direct
Immediate
Sometimes stark or childlike

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Q

Define Nominal Clauses.

A

A dependent clause that functions as a noun within a sentence and can be replaced by a noun or pronoun.

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Q

What are some markers of Nominal Clauses?

A

that
wh- words: what, who, whom, whose, which, how, where, when, why
whether / if

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Q

What is a Nominal Relative Clause?

A

Introduced by wh- words that also contain their own antecedent, functioning as a noun.

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Q

Provide an example of a Nominal Relative Clause.

A

What you said was interesting.

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Q

Define Relative Clauses.

A

A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause, functioning like an adjective.

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Q

What are the two types of Relative Clauses?

A

Restrictive (Defining) Relative Clauses
Non-Restrictive (Non-Defining) Relative Clauses

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Q

What is the function of Restrictive Relative Clauses?

A

Provide information essential to identify or define the noun they modify.

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Q

Provide an example of a Non-Restrictive Relative Clause.

A

My brother, who lives in London, is visiting next week.

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Q

What is an Adverbial Clause?

A

A dependent clause that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in the main clause.

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Q

What are some types of Adverbial Clauses?

A

Time Clauses
Place Clauses
Manner Clauses
Reason/Cause Clauses
Result Clauses
Purpose Clauses
Condition Clauses
Concession/Contrast Clauses

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Q

What is a Declarative Sentence?

A

Makes a statement or provides information. Ends with a period.

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Q

What is an Interrogative Sentence?

A

Asks a question. Ends with a question mark.

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Q

What is a Tag Question?

A

A short question added to the end of a declarative sentence, used to seek confirmation or express an opinion.

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Q

What is Negation?

A

The process of making a statement untrue or denying something.

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What is Semantic Negation?

The broader concept of expressing a negative idea, even without explicit negative words.

What is Partial Negation?

Negates only part of the sentence, often achieved by placing the negative element directly before the word or phrase it negates.

What is Clause Negation?

Negates the entire clause, typically using 'not' with the main verb or auxiliary.

What is Double Negation?

The use of two negative elements in the same clause, which can result in a positive meaning.

What does the negative element usually do in a clause?

Negates everything that follows it in the clause, up to the end of the clause or a contrasting element.

What is a partial negation?

It indicates that some, but not all, of the items in a group are negated.

What is double negation?

The use of two negative words in the same clause, which can result in a positive meaning in standard English or intensify the negative meaning in non-standard dialects.

What is a dependent clause?

A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

What are the key characteristics of dependent clauses?

* Has a subject and a verb * Does not express a complete thought * Often begins with a subordinating word * Must be attached to an independent clause

How are dependent clauses classified?

Based on their grammatical function within the larger sentence.

What are the three main types of dependent clauses?

* Nominal Clauses (Noun Clauses) * Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses) * Adverbial Clauses

What is a nominal clause?

A dependent clause that functions in a sentence as a noun.

What common functions do nominal clauses perform?

* Subject of a verb * Direct object of a verb * Subject complement * Object of a preposition * Appositive

What markers can indicate a nominal clause?

* that * wh- words (what, who, etc.) * whether / if

What is a relative clause?

A dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause, functioning like an adjective.

What are the common functions of relative clauses?

To identify or provide additional information about a noun or pronoun.

What are the two types of relative clauses?

* Restrictive (Defining) Relative Clauses * Non-Restrictive (Non-Defining) Relative Clauses

What is an adverbial clause?

A dependent clause that functions as an adverb, modifying a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

What types of relationships do adverbial clauses express?

* Time * Place * Manner * Reason/Cause * Result * Purpose * Condition * Concession/Contrast * Comparison

What is a nominal exclamative clause?

A type of nominal clause that expresses an exclamation or strong feeling.

What is a verbless clause?

A dependent clause that does not contain a finite verb and often implies a missing form of 'to be'.

What is parataxis?

A writing or speaking style characterized by the juxtaposition of clauses or ideas without explicit grammatical subordination.

What is an antecedent?

The noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that a pronoun refers back to or replaces in a sentence.

What is the definition of complex subordinators?

Subordinating conjunctions that consist of more than one word.

What is a sentential relative clause?

A specific type of non-restrictive relative clause that refers to the entire preceding clause.

What is a nominal yes/no interrogative clause?

A type of nominal clause that reports a yes/no question indirectly.

What are correlative conjunctions?

A pair of conjunctions that work together to connect two grammatically equal elements in a sentence.

What is hypotaxis?

A writing or speaking style characterized by the extensive use of subordination.

Fill in the blank: A dependent clause must be attached to an _______ clause to form a complete sentence.

independent

True or False: A non-finite clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.

False

What is the function of the infinitive clause in sentences with verbs like expect, want, or believe?

Acts as a complement

Identify the type of clause in the sentence: 'Being an excellent speaker at that event, he did not show any hesitations.'

Non-finite present participle clause

What does an appositive do?

Renames or explains another noun or noun phrase

Give an example of an adverbial of time.

'We'll meet tomorrow.'

Fill in the blank: An adverbial of _______ tells why.

Purpose

What distinguishes a defining relative clause from a non-defining relative clause?

Defining provides essential information; non-defining provides extra information

What is coordination in grammar?

Joining two or more grammatically equal elements using a conjunction or semicolon

What does subordination involve?

Making one clause dependent on another

What is a nonfinite clause?

Contains a nonfinite verb form and does not show tense or agreement

What characterizes a finite clause?

Contains a finite verb that shows tense and agrees with its subject

What is a compound sentence?

Consists of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon

True or False: A yes/no interrogation can be answered with a simple 'yes' or 'no.'

True

What is double negation?

Using two negative words in the same clause, often resulting in a single negation

What is a dependent clause?

A group of words that cannot stand alone and relies on an independent clause

What is a nominal clause?

A dependent clause that acts as a noun

Differentiate between direct and indirect objects.

Direct object receives the action; indirect object indicates to whom or for whom the action is performed

What is a subject complement?

Follows a linking verb and renames or describes the subject

What is the difference between 'no' negation and 'not' negation?

'No' negation uses 'no' before a noun; 'not' negation uses 'not' with an auxiliary verb